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ELEMENTS 



^^^#^1@3 



EXHIBITING A METHODICAL ARRANGEMENT OP ALE THE 



IMPORTANT IDEAS 



lincientandJfToelem Rhetorical Waiters, 



DESIGNED FOR THE USE OF 



COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, AND SCHOOLS. 



^ 

BY JOHN A. GETTY, A. M. 



^ ' ^j " Song charms the sense, but Eloquence the soul." Milton. 



PHILADELPHIA : 

PUBLISHED BY E. LITTELL. 

French & Co. Printers. 
1831. 







Ttf«H» 

ft* 



DISTRICT OF MARYLAND, SS. 

Be it remembered, That on the twenty-first day of Feb- 
'-w^^ ruary, in the fifty-fifth year of the Independence of the United 

C 1 States of America, John A.Getty, of the said district, hath de- 

< Seal. > posited in this office, the Title of a Book, the right whereof 
( ) he claims as Author, in the words following, to-wit : 

^v-*^ Elements of Rhetoric ; exhibiting a methodical arrange- 

ment of all the important ideas of the ancient and modern 
Rhetorical writers. Designed for the use of Colleges, Academies, and Schools. 

By JOHN A. GETTY, a. M. 

" Song charms the sense, but eloquence the soul."— Milton. 

In conformity to an Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled " An 
Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, 
and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein 
mentioned ;" and also to the Act, entitled " An Act supplementary to the Act, 
entitled An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of 
Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies during 
the times therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of De- 
signing, Engraving, and Etching historical and other Prints." 

PHILIP MOORE, 
Clerk of the District of Maryland. 



Recommendations, 



From James Carnahan, D. D. President of the College of 

New-Jersey. 
To Mr. E. Littell : 

Sir— The " Elements of Rhetoric, by John A. Getty, A. M." is 
the work of a profound classical scholar, manifests extensive reading on the sub- 
ject discussed, and, in my opinion, will be found very convenient and useful to 
those who wish to have, in a compendious form, the substance of what distin- 
guished Grecian and Roman masters have taught on the subject of eloquence. 
Nassau Hall, June 27, 1831. JAMES CARNAHAN. 



From the Rev. Samuel Eccleston, A. M. President of St. Mary's 
College, Baltimore. 

St. Mary's College, Baltimore, June 26iA, 1831. 
Dr. Sir — In reply to your letter of the 20th inst. requesting my opinion of 
Mr. John A. Getty's Rhetoric, I take pleasure in stating, that 1 find the definitions 
to be accurate, and the exemplifications, apt and copious. The work may be re- 
commended as a convenient and agreeable Manual of the ancient nomenclature 
of Grammatical and Rhetorical figures. 

I am, with great respect, 

Your obed't serv't. 
Mr. E. Littell. SAM'L ECCLESTON. 



From Samuel B. Hoio, D. D. President of Dickinson College. 

Carlisle, June 21, 1831. 
Dear Sir— I have examined with as much attention as my engagements 
would permit, " Getty's Elements of Rhetoric," and am pleased with it. It com- 
presses into a small space much valuable matter. Its author exhibits an extensive 
acquaintance with the antient writers on Rhetoric, and has enriched his work by 
copious extracts from them. I think it well adapted as a Class Book to prepare 
youth for studying the more extensive treatises on this subject. 

Very respectfully, yours, 

SAMUEL B. HOW. 



From William JYeill, D. D. late President of Dickinson College. 
Carlisle Pennsylvania. 

" The Elements of Rhetoric," by John A. Getty, A. M. comprises, within a 
small compass, the substance of volumes; and is calculated to facilitate the pro- 
gress of youth in the study of the Latin and Greek classics. 

Philad. June 26tA, 1831. WILLIAM NEILL. 



From the Rev. Edxoard Rutledge, A. M. Professor of Moral Phi- 
losophy in the University of Pennsylvania. 

Dear Sir — I am very much pleased with Mr. Getty's work, and think it ad- 
mirably adapted to the conveyance of most useful instruction in a pleasing and 
striking manner. I hope its respected author may meet the encouragement he 
merits, and that his beautiful little manual may extensively aid our youth in ac- 
quiring the art of which it treats. 

With great reBpcct, I remain yours, &c. 
E. Littell, Esq. EDWARD RUTLEDGE 

Philadelphia, Jun* 23d, 1831. 

1 



RECOMMENDATIONS. 

From Robert Ad rain, L. L. D. tyc. Professor of Mathematics in 
the University of Pennsylvania. 

Philadelphia, June 2lst, 1831. 
Dear Sir— Agreeably to your request I have examined Mr. Getty's " Ele- 
ments of Rhetoric." 

It appears to me that the work is elementary, methodical, and perspicuous, 
abounding in observations and examples which "illustrate the subject and interest 
the reader ; and that it will be highly useful in the education of youth. 

Yours, with respect, &c. 

ROBERT ADRAIN. 
Mr. E. LlTTELL. 



From S. B. Wylie, D. D. Professor of Languages in the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania . 

Philadelphia, July 23d, 1831. 

SiR-Having perused the little book you had the goodness to send me, entitled 
'• Elements of Rhetoric" by John A. Getty, A. M., I am prepared to give you my 
opinion concerning its merits. I consider it as a manual which ought to be. in the 
bauds of every youth engaged in the acquisition of classical literature. It is rare 
to find such amiss of useful elementary matter condensed into such a narrow 
f.ompass. The difinitions of the figures will be easily committed, and not easily 
forgotten. The illustrations are lucid, the examples pertinent and numerous, and 
the work eminently calculated to be a valuable acquisition to our classical insti- 
tutions. I cordially wish it an extensive circulation. 

Very respectfully, yours, &c. 

Mr. E. Littell. S B. WYLIE. 



From the Rev. W. T. Brantly, Pastor of the First Baptist Church, 
Philadelphia. 

Mr. E. Littell : 

Sir— "The Elements of Rhetoric," by John A. Getly, A. M. is a 
work of real merit and of unbounded utility. I have read it with attention, and I 
may also add, with advantage. Those who "have spent much lime in the instruction 
of youth, will best appreciate such a book as that which Mr. Getty has made; 
for they must have sensibly felt the want of such a compend of rhetorical defini- 
tions and examples. — Indeed every person who designs to read with propriety, or 
to understand with clearness the best productions of ancient and modem times, 
should be fully acquainted with the whole scope of figurative language. I there- 
fore cordially recommend the " Elements of Rhetoric," as a most valuable ac- 
quisition to the existing supply of standard school books. 

Very respectfully, 

W. T. BRANTLY. 



From the Rev. Dr. Samuel K. Jennings, President of Jlsbury's 
College, Baltimore. 

Baltimore, June 29t/t, 1831. 
Dr. Sir — Agreeably to your request, J have devoted a little time to the " Ele- 
ments of Rhetoric, by John A. Getty, a. m." 

The work begins with very clear and satisfactory definitions of the Elements of 
Rhetoric, intended to educate the youthful mind for a ready invention and proper 
disposition; the whole made familiar by appropriate examples, extracted from the 
English, Latin and Greek classics. These are followed by excellent definitions 
and examples, preparatory to an accomplished elocution. In this part of the 
work, I am particularly pleased to find an old acquaintance, the tropes and figures 
of speech in rhyme, which I have often felt a wish to see, introduced in this way, 
into general use. 
In the conclusion we have an epitome of all that is important in pronunciation 



RECOMMENDATIONS . 



elucidated by examples, suited to that part of the general subject. This summa- 
ry, together with an annunciation, that it is given in view of the reports of the 
merit of the work made by Dr. Waters and Mr. Power, and in which 1 heartily 
•oncur, will sufficiently evince my approbation of Mr. Getty's book. 
1 am, respectfully, yours, 

SAM'L K. JENNINGS, M. D 



From the Rev. Francis Waters, D. D. Baltimore. 

Baltimore, June 28tA, 1831. 
Rev. Dr. Jennings : 

Dr. Sir— 1 thank you for a perusal of the " Elements of Rhetorie 
by John A. Getty, A. M." It is, in my opinion, a very respectable book. The 
rules and principles of the science are well arranged and illustrated by the author, at 
ihe same time that he has defined them with becoming precision and clearness. The 
additional figures which he has introduced, and the simplicity of their classifica- 
tion, will no doubt be estimated as a great advantage. To all learners the trea- 
tise will be useful, but to classical students in particular, it will serve as an excel- 
lent Manual in caltivating this beautiful part of polite and finished education. 

Very truly and respectfully, 

F. WATERS. 



From Michael Power, A. M. Professor of Languages, Asbury's 
College, Baltimore. 
Rev. Dr. Jennings : 

Dr. Sir — Having examined the "Elements of Rhetoric, by^John 
A. Getty, A. M.," as carefully as the limited time allowed me would permit, I 
cheerfully concur in opinion with the Rev. F. Waters, and will in a short time 
introduce the work into my school. 

Respectfully, your ob't serv't, 
Baltimore, June 29t/t, 1831. M. POWER. 



From the New York American, July 4th, 1831. 

•■ Elements of Rhetoric, for the use of Colleges, Academies and Schools, 
by John A. Getty." Philadelphia, E. Littell. — The sole aim of this little volume 
appears to be to exhibit in a concise and methodical form the chief elements of 
rhetoric, as expounded by the most authoritative ancient and modern writers, ac- 
companied with illustrations and examples. By means of questions and answer-, 
the principles of the art are developed and explained ; and the authority on which 
the answer is made, is, in all cases, quoted at the bottom of the page. It is, 
therefore, in the nature of a digest of the whole code of rhetoric, which, scattered 
thiougli many volumes, is here reduced to its essence in about 120 pp. The expla- 
nations of the different tropes and figures of speech are given (for the sake, we 
presume of aiding the memory) in a sort of doggrel — both in English and Latin— 
upon the same principle, and of about the same merit, as the "Propria quas ma- 
ribUB" of the old Latin grammars. We are well pleased with this little book, 
which displays more than ordinary research and learning. 



From the Baltimore Chronicle, June 2Zd, 1831. 

" Elements of Rhetoric : exhibiting a methodical arrangement of all the 
important ideas of the ancient and modern writers. Designed for the use of Col- 
leges, Academies and Schools, by John A. Getty, A. M. — Philadelphia, published 
by E. Littell." This small volume appears to us well designed and well executed, 
and will be found highly useful to students and others disposed to improve in the 
attractive and noble science of Rhetoric. The author has given a condensed view 
of what has been written on the subject by the most celebrated men of ancient 
and modern times, accompanied by satisfactory directions and explanations. This 
book could be read with advantage, not only by young gentlemen preparing for 
professional life, but by their elders, and we hope that it will receive the patronage 
to which it is entitled from the talents and industry of its author. 



RECOMMENDATIONS. 

From the United States Gazette, June 25th, 1831. 

Wc have received from tho author, a copy of a neat work, entitled ' Element* 
of Rhetoric : exhibiting a Methodical arrangement of all the important ideas of 
Ancient and Modern Rhetorical writers. By John A. Getty, A. M. The work is 
published by Mr. Littell, of this city, in a style creditable to his taste and liberali- 
ty. It is rare that with such a title, a book' 1 destined for schools and academies,' 
assumes such a radical form ; the ideas, indued, rather than the words of writers 
are arranged, and the principles of composition and criticism carefully laid down. 
The work is the result of careful research, and will be found useful to those who 
seek a thorough acquaintance with Rhetoric in its primary sense. 



From the Baltimore Patriot. 

Elements of Rhetoric. — " Song charms the sense, but eloquence the soul." 
Mr. Littell, of Philadelphia, has recently published a small treatise, intended to fa- 
cilitate the progress of the student in this high reaching an. It is entitled the "Ele- 
ments of Rhetoric ; exhibiting a methodical arrangement of all the important 
ideas of the ancient and modern Rhetorical writers," and is designed for the use 
of Colleges, Academies and Schools. The author is J. A. Getty, A. M. who 
states in his preface to the work, that his chief design in its composition has been 
to facilitate the acquisition of those " high and sublime ideas of oratory, which 
are interspersed throughout the ancient classics." The volume is of small size, 
but rich in examples tending to illustrate its object, drawn from the most approved 
sources. From a slight examination of the work, we are induced to think it will 
be favourably received by those every way competent to pass upon its merits. 



From the Pennsylvania Inquirer, Jun&23d, 1831. 

Getty's Rhetoric-TIus is the title of a very neat volume, which has just is- 
sued from the press of E. Littell, of this city. It is designed to exhibit a methodi- 
cal arrangement of all the important ideas of the ancient and modern rhetorical 
writers, and is intended for the use of colleges, academies, and schools. The sub- 
ject, we think, is very happily and judiciously treated by the author, as the book is 
calculated fully to answer the purpose for which it is written. It gives a full, and 
what strikes us as a correct, analysis of the art of public speaking, and may be 
studied with advantage by all who design to practise such art. 



From the New York Evening Post, July 2d, 1831. 

Getty's Elements of Rhetoric. — E. Littell, of Philadelphia, has published 
a work with this title, compiled by John A. Getty, for the use of Schools. It 
consists of explanations of the various terms and definitions of the various figures 
of Rhetoric, with examples of their use, from ancient and modem authors. If the 
object of the art of Rhetoric be, as some author has said, to"' enable the rhetorician 
to name his tools, the present work, wetelieve,' contains ample means of enabling 
him to do this to his satisfaction. \ 



From the Saturday Bulletin, June 25, 1831. 

Elements of Rhetoric : exhibiting a methodical arrangement of all the impor- 
tant ideas of the Ancient and Modern Rhetorical Writers ; designed for the U6e of 
Colleges, Academies and Schools, by John A. Getty, A.M. Philadelphia, published 
by E. Littell. — The object of this work is very fully explained in the title. Mr. 
Getty has evidently bestowed much labour in getting up these Elements, and 
abundant, evidence appears of his having consulted all the old writers, with many 
of the moderns. The study of elocution is one which the youth of this country 
have too much neglected, when it is known to open to the aspiring a sure road to 
fame and fortune. Mr. Getty's work appears well fitted to aid the student in at- 
taining a knowledge of this most popular art. 



PREFACE. 



THE unanimous voice of every civilized nation has 
awarded unfading laurels to the ancient orators of Greece 
and Rome. The thunder of Demosthenes shook the 
throne of the Macedonian Philip to its foundation, and 
the weight of Cicero's unrivalled eloquence balanced, 
for some time, the tottering Republic of Rome. In the 
composition of these Elements, the chief design of the 
author has been to facilitate the acquisition of those high 
and sublime ideas of oratory which are interspersed 
throughout the ancient classics. For this purpose he 
has consulted the writings of Aristotle, Longinus, 
Cicero, Quintilian, and other distinguished "heroes of 
antiquity." He has also adopted, in many instances, the 
sentiments of modern Rhetorical writers : and, in Elocu- 
tion, many of the most appropriate examples have been 
selected from the Sacred Scriptures. The author now 
offers his labours to the arbitration of the Public, and, to 

its decision, he will implicitly submit. 

Easton Academy, fMd.J February 1, 1831. 



INDEX. 





Page 

. . 95 






Page 


Accent 




D. 




Action 


94 


Deliberative 


Orations . 


4 


iEnigma 
iEtiology 


41 


Demonstrative do. 


3 


65 


Diaeresis 




69 


Affections, arguments found- 


Dialyton 




57 


ed on the . 


7 


Diastole 




68 


Allegory 


40 


Diasyrmus 




37 


Anaccenosis . 


52 


Dick the apprentice's Soli 




Anadiplosis . 


46 


loquy 




116 


Anaphora 


43 


Dignity 




31 


Anastrophe . 


56 


Disposition 




9 


Antanaclasis 


47 


Douglas' Account of him- 




Antimeria 


66 


self . 




109 


Antimetabole 


66 




E. 




Antiphrasis . 


43 


Ecphonesis 




54 


Antiptosis 


67 


Ecthlipsis 




68 


Antithesis 


. 52-68 


Elegance 




29 


Antonomasia . 


41 


Ellipsis 




64 


Aphaeresis 


67 


Elocution 




28 


Apocope 


68 


Emphasis 




95 


Apophasis or Paraleipsis 


Enallage 




60 


Aporia 


55 


Enantiosis 




54 


Aposiopesis . 


55 


Epanalepsis 




45 


Apostrophe 


61 


Epanodos 




45 


Arguments 


2 


Epanorthosis 




56 


Asteismus 


38 


Epenthesis 




67 


Asyndeton 


57 


Epimone 




66 


B. 




Epiphonema 




59 


Brutus' Oration 


. 103 


Epistrophe 




44 


Brutus and Cassius 


. Ill 


Epitrope 




51 


C. 




Epizeuxis 




46 


Catachresis . 


38 


Erotesis 




50 


Cataline's Oration ] 


n Eng- 


Exordium 




9 


lisl; . 


19 




F. 




Cato's Senate 


. 106 
. 101 


Figure . 


G. 


43 






Charientismus 


37 


Gesture, Natural and Imi- 




Climax 


48 


tative 




96 


Composition . 


28 




H. 




Confirmation . 


12 


Hamlet's Soliloquy 


102 



Hellenismus 


65 


Pause 


96 


Hendiadis 


64 


Periphrasis 


58 


Homoioteleuton 


48 


Peroration 


14 


Hypallage 


65 


Phocias' Soliloquy 


. 104 


Hyperbaton 


61 


Pleonasmus . 


64 


Hyperbole 


38 


Ploce 


47 


Hypotyposis 


5!) 


Polyptoton 


4? 


Hysteron 
Invention 


65 


Polysyndeton 

Prolepsis 

Pronunciation 


58 
50 
94 


1 


Irony .... 


36 


Proposition 


11 


Judicial Orations . 


5 


Prosopopaeia . 


62 


L. 




Prosthesis 


67 


Litotes .... 


42 


R. 




M. 




Reason, arguments found- 


Metalepses 


39 


ed on 


6 


Metaphor 


33 


Refutation 


14 


Metathesis 


68 


Repetitions . 


43 


Metonymy 


33 


Rhetoric 


1 


Morals, Arguments Found- 




S. 




ed on 


7 


Sarcasm us 


37 


N. 




Satan's speech to his re- 




Narration 


11 


bel host 


15 


O. 

Onomatopoeia 




tn n^itli 


100 
5 


42 


State of a Cause . 


Oration, parts of an 


9 


Symploce 


44 


Oxymoron 


53 


Synasresis 


68 


P. 




Synalsepha 


6,-' 


Paradiastole . 


66 


Synathrossmus 


64 


Paragoge 


68 


Syncope 


67 


Paraleipsis 


55 


Synecdoche . 


34 


Paregmenon 


48 


Synonymy 


49 


Parosmia 


41 


Systole . 


(58 


Paronomasia 


48 


T. 




Parting of Brutus and Cas- 




Theme, parts of a, with 




sius .... 


115 


Examples . 


21 


Partition or Division 


11 


Tmesis 


66 


Paul's St. defence before 




Tone 


9(i 


Agrippa . 


16 


Tropes . 


32 


Passions 


8 


V. 








Voice 


95 



%* To find any Trope or Figure in the Latin part of Elo- 
cution : Find, by the Index, the Trope or Figure in the English 
part, and the number of the one in the English will be found to 
correspond to the same in Latin. 



INTRODUCTION. 



The Greeks attributed the invention of Rhetoric to Mer- 
cury ; and hence they denominated him E^uhs which ra- 
dically signifies to speak. And the inhabitants of Lystra, 
in consequence of the cure of the impotent man by Barna- 
bas and Paul, called the former Jupiter, and latter Mercu- 
ry, " because he was the chief speaker." 

But to pass over the legendary fictions of pagan theology, 
no satisfactory account can be given to whom the origin of 
this art is to be ascribed. Its first lineaments, as Aristotle 
justly observes, were no doubt, extremely rude and imper- 
fect. Pausanias, in his description of Greece, says that 
Pittheus, the uncle of Theseus, who flourished about twelve 
hundred years before the christian era, taught it at Trezene, 
a city of Peloponnesus. Be this, however, as it may, it 
was certainly held in high estimation at the time of the 
Trojan war, or Homer would never have given such un- 
bounded applause to the eloquent speeches of Ulysses and 
Nestor. And in addition to this circumstance, the princi- 
pal tropes and figures which are now used, may be found 
in that sublime and distinguished writer. 

Of the orators who flourished from the Trojan down to 
the Peloponnesian war, no particular mention is made in 
history. But as eloquence then became the means by 
which the most obscure and indigent individual might rise 
to the highest post of honour and influence, a multitude of 
orators arose about that period. Of these Corax and Tisi- 
as of Sicily, laid down rules for the methodical arrange- 
ment of a discourse, and the artificial adjustment of its 
particular parts. Gorgias, the pupil of Empedocles, suc- 
ceeded these. * Diodorus Siculus says that he was the 

* Gorgias the Leontine, was a Sicilian, and father of the So- 
phists. He was held in such universal esteem throughout 
Greece, that a statue was erected to his honour, in the temple 
of Apollo at Delphos, of solid gold. 



7111 INTRODUCTION. 

first who made use of studied figures and laboured antithe- 
ses of equal length and the same termination. Thrasy- 
machus of Chalcedon, Protagoras of Abdera, Prodicus of 
Cea, and Theodore of Byzantium ; as also Antiphon * and 
Polycrates were his cotemporaries ; and all contributed 
to the improvement of this art. Quintilian says that Pro- 
togoros, Gorgias, Prodicus and Thrasymachus were the 
first who treated of Common-p laces, and exhibited their use 
for the invention of arguments upon every subject. 

Posterior to these flourished Isocrates the scholar of 
Gorgias. " The style of Gorgias of Leontium was formed 
into short sentences composed generally of two members 
balanced against each other. The style of Isocrates, on 
the contrary, was swelling and full ; and he is said to have 
been the first who introduced the method of composing in 
regular periods, which had a studied music and harmoni- 
ous cadence." f It was the celebrity of Isocrates which 
induced the far famed Aristotle to write his " Institutions 
of Rhetoric :" a work universally admitted to be the best 
and most complete of any, on the same subject, in the Greek 
language. 

Lysias and Isaeus belong to this age. Lysias was the 
model of that style which the ancient rhetoricians denomi- 
nated "y\u<?>v£cv xo>sv," the polished style ; and, for this rea- 
son, Cicero calls him venustissimum oratorem. \ Isaeus 
was the pupil of Lysias, and was the first who applied 
eloquence to political, or state affairs, in which he was fol- 
lowed by his celebrated scholar, Demosthenes. 

In this age Grecian eloquence appeared in its meridian. 
Demosthenes by indefatigable industry, by a surprising 
genius, and a patriotic love for his country, became one of 
the greatest orators that ever existed — an orator who was 
an honour to humanity,, and whose name shall descend 
with imperishable lustre to the latest posterity. The style 
of this Prince of Grecian eloquence is conscise, nervous,. 

* Antiphon the Athenian, was the first writer of orations. 

t Twenty-one of his orations are extant. He employed ten 
years in composing his discourse entitled the Panegyric. 

X Plutarch says that four hundred and twenty-five orations- 
were formerly exhibited under the name of Lysias ; of thesa> 
only thirty-four are now extant. 



INTRODUCTION. IX 

and vehement. "Our Demosthenes," says Longinus, 
" uttering every sentence with such force, precipitation, 
strength, and vehemence, that it seems to be all fire, and 
bears down every thing before it, may justly be resembled 
to a thunderbolt, or a hurricane." $ 

Subsequent to the time of Demosthenes, the manly and 
sensible eloquence of the Greeks degenerated into subtili- 
ty and sophistry. Demetrius Phalereus, who lived in the 
time of Alexander the Great, was an orator of considerable 
eminence, but Cicero describes him as a flowery, rather 
than a natural persuasive writer. 

From his time dowr^to the christian ora, Quintilian enu- 
merates several rhetoricians ; among whom were Herma- 
goras, Athenaeus, Appollonius of Alexandria, and Dionysius 
of Halicarnassus, who flourished in the reign of Augustus 
Caesar. Since the days of Dionysius, the only Greek ora- 
tors of celebrity have been Hermogenes, and Longinus the 
author of a treatise on the Sublime ; a writer of such pre- 
eminent merit, that his cotemporaries appointed him judge 
of all the ancient authors. And whatever inferior critics 
blamed, or whatever they commended, was received or re- 
jected by the public, only as it met with the approbation of 
Longinus, or was confirmed and ratified by his sovereign 
decision. 

The Romans, for several ages, were almost continually 
engaged in military affairs ; and as they supposed that the 
cultivation of oratory would have a tendency to allure their 
minds from martial achievements, to an indolent and effe- 
minate manner of life, they therefore manifested an invete- 
rate prejudice against its introduction. For in the year 
of their city five hundred and ninety-two, when, through 
the medium of the Greeks, the liberal arts were introduced 
into Itaty, the senate passed a decree, directing all philo- 
sophers and rhetoricians to depart from Rome. But on 
the arrival of the Athenian ambassadors, Carneades, Car- 
tolaus, and Diogenes, a few years posterior to the promul- 
gation of this decree, the Roman youths were so charmed 
with the eloquence of their harangues, that it was found 

t Sixty-one orations are extant under the name of Demosthe- 
nes. 



A INTRODUCTION. 

impracticable, any longer, to counteract its dissemination. 
The era of Roman eloquence may therefore be dated from 
the period of the subjugation of Greece, by Mummius the 
consul, about a hundred and forty-six years before Christ. 
Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit, et artes 
Intulit agresti Latio. — 

Seneca says that Lucius Plotinus, a Gaul, was the first 
who taught Rhetoric, in Latin, at Rome, and that Blandus 
of the equestrian order, was the first Roman who engaged 
in this profession. Quintilian says that M. Cato the cen- 
sor, was the first writer on Rhetoric among the Romans ; 
and although Cicero, in his treatise^ " De Claris Oratori- 
bus," represents him, as well as some of his cotemporaries, 
as having been possessed of considerable eloquence, yet 
he admits that it was, " Asperum et horridum genus di- 
cendi," a rude and harsh strain of speech. 

Subsequent to the time of Cato arose Crassus and An- 
tonius. It was owing to the latter of these, says CicerOj 
that Rome might bodst herself a rival, even to Greece in 
the art of eloquence. And in his three books, De Oratore 
and other rhetorical productions, he attributes the highest 
commendation to these distinguished orators. 

In the same age, though somewhat later than the orators 
above mentioned, flourished the celebrated Cicero. In fame 
and reputation he far surpassed all his cotemporaries. — 
His inventive genius ; his artful and methodical arrange- 
ment of arguments ; his melodious structure and disposi- 
tion of periods ; his peculiar success in moving the soft 
and tender passions ; and his splendour and morality of 
sentiment : all contribute to render his works the standard 
of popular oratory. * 

The last rhetorical writer of distinguished reputation 
among the Romans was Quintilian. His Institutions ex- 
hibit a great degree of accurate and refined taste and are 

*Besides. Cicero's tico books of Invention, which Quintilian 
calls his books of Rhetoric, there are extant his three books of an 
Orator; one of famous Orators; and another which is called the 
Orator ; as also his Topics, a preface concerning the best sort of 
Orators, and a treatise of the parts of Oratory. Those four books 
to Herennius, which are published among Cicero's works ap- 
pear, with good reason, to be attributed to Cornificius. 



INTRODUCTION. 



composed with such exactness and judgment, that they 
are generally admitted to be the most useful, and the most 
instructive production on the subject now extant. He 
has arranged all the ancient ideas concerning Rhetoric in 
so comprehensive a manner as to render his writings an in- 
valuable acquisition to every student of oratory. 

After the days of Cicero and Quintilian the Romans ex- 
perienced the most oppressive form of arbitrary and tyranni- 
cal government. Luxury and effeminacy were introduced : 
their taste became corrupt, and their genius discouraged. 
And that ornamental and diffusive eloquence which had 
existed in its most splendid and illustrious form, degenerat- 
ed into quaintness and affectation, into tumid declamation 
and servile flattery. 



/" 








///// 



ERRATA. 

Page vii. line 5, for latter Mercury, read the latter Mercury. 
viii. 7, for Protogoras, read Protagoras. 

iz. 35, for Cartolaus, read Critolaus. 
4, 14, for 3ead, read head. 
6, 1, for Quantity, read Quality. 

18, 14, for Ne read M. 

19, 7, for vigit, read viget. 

18, for malaires, read mala res. 
22, 9, for temderaria, read temeraria. 

33, for lit, read ut. 
23 32, for fruamque, read/rwcr 

33, for fieti, read ficti. 
24, 22, for enitti, read eniti. 
27, 27, for /uufav, read (xu^m. 

29, for cv:/uu>£u read ovo/u.a£u. 

33, for EP12T02, read XPI2T02. 

37, for KLvru, read 7fxvr'X. 

46, for AynBastc , read Ax»9ast?. 
32, 7, for Metonyme read Metonymy. 

37, 3, for Atonomasia, read Antonomasia. 

37, 29, for Whereof, read Wherefore. 

38, 3, for Catechresis, read Catachresis. 
41, 28, for Antomasia, read Antonomasia. 
43, 25, for Parceoe, read Parcoz. 

62, 1, for Prosopoeia, read Prosopo- 

72, 11, for ux, read ex. 

12, for mkuvv, read kwkui. 

73, 13, for Trus read Irus. 

30, for va/§s, read pag». % 
30, for o£u&\}ie, read'c£y&A»?. 

34, for tta-sw, read 7r£rw. 
76, 7, for tw^uivc; read ei/Ks^ua/cc 

26, for mitisimus, read mitissimus. 
78, 25, for u/uo/ucv» read v7rc/xcv». 

84, 17, for stTr^Wxsv, read ^sOwa-air. 

86, 34, for l o», read 'ov, 

91, 24, for^arsT, read yaw 

37, for cL<pxt»sa>, read a<})*ig£a> ; and for ag*)', con, read 
* <rvv, con. 

92, 86, for tulerunt, read tulerunt. 

In the Derivationes on the 90th page, some few of the letters; 
are transposed ; 66 should read thus : ab avn, contra, /utra.- 
Cxikco, inverto. And 67 should stand thus : a tragakf/stfrixx*, dis- 
jungo. 

The errata appear numerous, but, besides that a considerable 
portion of the errors escaped only in a part of the sheets of the 
work, it must be recollected that it was printed at a distance from 
the raaidence of the author, from unfamiliar manuscript. 



Elements of Rhetoric. 



What is Rhetoric ? 

" Rhetoric is the art of Speaking in such a manner as 
to attain the end for which we speak."* 

What is its principal end ? 

To instruct, to please, and to move.f 

Into how many parts is it divided 1 

Four : Invention, Disposition, Elocution, and Pronun- 
ciation. * 

PARTI 

INVENTION. 

What is Invention 1 

Invention is the discovery of such arguments as are pro- 

* Blair, Lecture xxv. 

Lord Bacon defines Rhetoric, or Oratory, to be the art of ap- 
plying and addressing the dictates of reason to the fancy, and 
of so recommending them as to affect the will and desires. 

Vossius defines Rhetoric, the faculty of discovering what eve- 
ry subject affords of use for persuasion. 

Aristotle, in his Institutions of Rhetoric, Book i. Chapter 2, 
says : " Let Rhetoric, therefore, be the power of perceiving what 
will be most conducive to persuasion, on every subject whatever." 

Cicero says the duty of the orator is to speak in a manner pro- 
per to persuade. 

Quintilian says that Rhetoric is properly defined the science 
of speaking well. 

t Quintilian says there are three things, as duties incumbent 
on an orator to perform, and these are, to instruct, to please and 
to move. 

t Quintilian says that " the whole art of oratory, as we find it 
delivered by the generality of the greatest masters, consists of 
these five parts : Invention, Disposition, Elocution, Memory, 
Pronunciation, or Action." 
2 



2 ELEMEMTS OF RHETORIC. 

per to illustrate the subject, conciliate the minds, and 
move the passions of the audience.* 

What is an argument 1 

An argument, says Quintilian, is a way for making 
good a proof, by which one thing is concluded from ano- 
ther, and what is doubtful is confirmed by what is not.f 

On what are all arguments founded ? 

On reason, morals, or the affections. 

What is the object of arguments from reason 1 

To inform the judgment, or to instruct. 

How are arguments from reason divided ? 

Into artificial and inartificial. $ 

What are artificial arguments from reason 1 

They are such as arise from the subject upon which the 
orator treats.l 

Cicero, in his de Oratore, Book n., Chapter 19, says : " They 
next delineate, as it were, five offices of eloquence, viz : invent- 
ing what you are to say ; the arrangement of what you have in- 
vented ; the embellishments of style ; next the getting it by 
heart; and last of all comes the action and the delivery." In 
another place, however, he has properly excluded Memory from 
his division. Hence, says Ramus : " Dicis oratori tria esse vi 
denda, quid dicat, quo quid que loco, et quomodo ; primo mem- 
bro Inventionem, secundo Collocationem, tertio Elocutionem et 
Actionem comprehendis : memoriam igitur in hac trium mem- 
brorum partitione prsetermittis " Rhet. Lib. m. 

* Ut concilientur animi, et doceantur, et moveantur. Cic. de 
Orat. Lib. n., 28. 

t Cicero says an argument is a reason which induces us to be- 
lieve what we previously doubted. 

t Ramus says : M Quintilian, following Aristotle, has divided 
arguments from reason into artificial and inartificial." 

|| Cicero and Quintilian concur in reducing common places, 
from which artificial arguments may be invented, to sixteen : 
1. From Definition; as, Jus civile est cognitio sequitatis; at 
cognitio; aequitatis est utilis ; igitur et jus civile. 2. From 
Distribution of Parts, or Enumeration ; as, Virtutis partes sunt 
quatuor : justitia, prudentia, fortitudo, et temperantia ; at Calli- 
ditas non est justitia, nee, &c., igitur non virtus. 3. From Ety- 
mology, or Notation ; as, Consul est qui consulit patriae ; non 



INVENTION. 3 

How many kinds of orations are there ? 

Three : Demonstrative, Deliberative, and Judicial.* 

Who was the author of this division 1 

Aristotle. 

What is the scope of a Demonstrative oration ? 

To praise or dispraise persons or things.f 

How is it used in speaking of a person 1 

When for his learning, eloquence, dignity, wisdom, and 
authority, we praise Cicero ; or, for his infamous and 
abandoned life, censure Cataline. 

How many methods do rhetoricians prescribe for prais- 
ing or dispraising persons ? 

Two. 

igitur Piso consul, qui earn evertit. 4. From Conjugates ; as, 
Pietas laudanda, igitur et qui pie agit. 5. From the Genus : as, 
Virtutis laus in actione consistit ; et prudentiae. 6. From the 
Species ; as, Justitia est amanda, ergo virtus amanda. 7. From 
Similitude ; as, Si ferae partus suos diligunt, qua nos in liberos 
nostros indulgentia essedebemus. 8. From Dissimilitudes ; as, 
Si barbarorum est in diem vivere, nostra consilia serapiternum 
spectare debent. 9. From Contraries ; as, Si Gracchus nefarie 
praeclare Opimius, 10. From Adjuncts ; as Vesperi visus est 
cum gladio stipatus, &c. ; ergo occidit. 11. From Antece- 
dents ; as, Ortus est sol, igitur dies est. 12. From Conse- 
quents ; as, Dies est, igitur ortus est sol. 13. From Repugnants ; 
as, Amat ilium, igitur non insectatur convitiis. 14. From 
Causes ; as, Avaritiam si tollere vultis, mater est tollenda, luxu- 
ries. 15. From Effects ; as, Virtus parit laudem ; ergo^equen- 
da. 16. From Comparison ; as, 

Ut jugulent homines, surgunt de nocte latrones, 
Ut teipsum serves, non expergisceris ? . . Hor. 

* Aristotle, in his Institutions of Rhetoric, Book i. Chapter 3, 
says, "There must of necessity be three kinds of rhetorical 
discourses : Demonstrative, Deliberative, and Judicial. Of the 
Demonstrative, the one part is praise, the other disgrace. Of 
the Deliberative, the one part is persuasion, the other dissua- 
sion. Of the Judicial, the one part is accusation, the other 
defence." The end of the first, says he, is» kolkov » mj-^ov, ho- 
norable, or dishonourable ; of the second, av/uq&ov km fixatfyov, 
advantageous, or disadvantageous; and of the third, » futduovn 
oufutov, just, or unjust. 

t Quintilian, in the third book of his Institutes, extends the 



ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 



What are they ? 

The one is to follow the order in which every thing 
happened, which is mentioned in the discourse, as Isocra- 
tes has done in his funeral oration upon Evagoras, King 
of Salamis ; the other is to reduce what is said under cer- 
tain general heads, without a strict regard to the order of 
time, as Suetonius, in his lives of the twelve Caesars. 

How is it used in speaking of a thing 1 

When from truth, honor, time, place, and manner, we 
applaud the voluntary return of Regulus to his enemies ; 
or, on the contrary, condemn the self-murder of Cato atUtica. 

What are the chief subjects of Demonstrative eloquence 1 

Panegyrics, Invectives, gratulatory and funeral orations. 

What orations may be ranked under this 3ead 1 

Cicero's oration concerning the answers of the sooth- 
sayers, his oration for Marcellus, and his invective against 
Piso. 

In what does a Deliberative oration consist ? 

In recommending, or dissuading from, some important 
public measure.* 

To what is this species of eloquence chiefly confined * 

To the agitation of public affairs in popular assemblies. 

What is its object 1 

Persuasion. 

How is the orator to accomplish this end 1 

By applying himself to all the principles of action in 
our nature ; to the passions and to the heart, as well as 
to the understanding, 

application of Demonstrative discourses to the praise of Gods ; 
the praises and dispraise of men; and the praises of cities and 
places. 

* " The chief things concerning which all men consult, and ar- 
gue upon in deliberation, are five in number ; of wealth, of war 
and peace, of the preservation of the country, of what things 
are exported and imported, and of the making and observance of 
laws."...ARis. Rhet. Book i. Ch. 4. 



INVENTION. 5 

What topics are generally used in recommending, or 
dissuading from, public measures 1 

Safety, profit, pleasure, justice, honor, and facility. 

What orations may be referred to the Deliberative kind ? 

Cicero's fourth oration against Cataline ; his first and 
ninth against Mark Anthony ; and Cato and Caesar's 
speeches relative to the Cataline conspirators. 

What is a Judicial oration ? 

A Judicial oration is that species of oratory which is 
used in accusing or defending.* 

By what name is the principal question, or point of dis- 
pute in all controversies designated 1 

States. f 

What is meant by the state of a cause ? 

The principal point in dispute between contending par- 
ties, upon the proof of which the whole cause or contover- 
sy depends. * 

How is this exemplified 1 

Milo was accused for killing Clodius ; Milo confessed 
he killed him, but said he did it justly : now the state of 
the cause is, did Milo kill Clodius justly or unjustly 1 

How many general states are there 1 

* Quintilian, in the third book of his Institutes, says : " I shall 
now speak of the judicial kind, which, although the ..nost ex- 
tensive and various, consists only of two offices, accusation and 
defence." 

t The state of a controversy is expressed, by several other 
names, in ancient writers ; as, " The Constitution of the Cause" 
—"The General Head;" and "The Chief Question." Our 
common law expresses it by one word ; namely, the Issue : 
which interpreters define, " that point of matter depending in 
suit whereupon the parties join, and put their cause to the trial." 

t Status est quaestio, quae ex prima causarum conflictione 
nascitur ; ut, Sylla conjuravisti cum Catilina ; depulsio vero de- 
fensoris ; non conjuravi : ex hac prima conflictione nascitur ilia 
quaestio, conjuraveritne Sylla cum Catilina?. ...Quint. Inst. Lib. 
in. Chap . 6. 

2* 



O ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

Three : Conjectural, Definitive, and the State of Quan- 
tity.* 

When is a cause Conjectural ? 

When it is enquired whether the thing was done or not : 
as, did Caelius prepare poison for Clodia ? 

When is a cause Definitive 1 

When the fact is not denied, but the dispute turns up- 
on the name and nature of the crime ; as, whether to take 
a sacred thing out of a private house be theft or sacrilege 1 

What is a Cause in Quality ? 

When the contending parties are agreed both as to the 
name and nature of the action, but the dispute turns upon 
its justice ; as, was it lawful or unlawful for Milo to slay 
Clodius? 

What distinction exists between Deliberative and Judi- 
cial eloquence ? 

In Deliberative eloquence the great object is persuasion, 
and the speaker of course directs himself to the passions 
as well as to the understanding ; but, in Judicial eloquence, 
his object is conviction, and therefore it is chiefly or sole- 
ly to the understanding that his eloquence is addressed. 

What discourses may be referred to the Judicial kind ? 

Cicero's orations for Milo, Rabirius, Ccelius, and Li- 
garius. 

What are Inartificial arguments from reason ? 

They are such as do not arise from the subject, but from 
things of a different nature. They are all taken from au- 
thorities, and are, by Cicero in his Topics, called Testi- 
mony.f 

* Cicero and Quintilian reduce the states to three ; to these 
Aristotle and Vossius add a fourth ; namely, of Quantity ; as, 
' Whether the injury be so great as it is said to be." 

t Aristotle distinguishes two sorts of proofs, in which he has 
been generally followed by all succeeding authors. Some of 
these are extrinsic to the subject, and independent of art ', others 



INVENTION. 7 

What is the object of arguments from morals ? 

To procure favour, or to please. 

What does this part of Invention comprise * 

The disposition, character and qualifications of the 
speaker.* 

By what name does Quintilian designate it 1 

A propriety of manners. 

How many qualities are requisite in an orator, in order 
to render what he says acceptable to his hearers ? 

Four : wisdom, integrity, benevolence, and modesty.f 

What is the object of arguments from the affections ? 

To move the passions, or to persuade,* 

result from the subject, or are rather what the orator produces 
out of his own fund. The first have therefore been called Inar- 
tificial, and the second Artificial. To the Inartificial belong 
prejudices, reports, tortures, written deeds, or instruments, oaths 
and witnesses." Quint. Inst. Book v. Chap. 1. 

" We are now to speak of proof which is Inartificial ; which 
is proper in judicial causes. Now there are five things which 
constitute this sort of proof; the law, witnesses, compacts, exa- 
minations, and oaths." Arist. Rhet. Book i. Chap. 16. 

* " Honourable actions, and upright lives, in the pleader and 
his client, greatly contribute to a successful termination of his 
cause, while a contrary character in the adverse party tends ef- 
fectually to their defeat. The same effect is likewise produced 
by conciliating as much as we can the minds of the judges. A 
favourable opinion again is gained by dignity of character, by 
the actions which a person has performed, by his reputation, 
which are much more easily set forth if they are real than if 
they are fictitious." Cic. de Orat. Lib. n. 43. 

t It was a favourite position among the ancient rhetoricians, 
that in order to be a truly eloquent and persuasive speaker, no- 
thing was more necessary than to be a virtuous man : " Non 
posse oratorem esse nisi virumbonum." Longinus, in the latter 
part of the forty-fourth section on the Sublime, asserts that ge- 
nius can never exert itself, or rise to sublimity, where virtue is 
neglected, and the morals are depraved. And the Archbishop of 
Cambray says, that " an orator cannot be fit to persuade people, 
unless he be inflexibly upright." 

i The power to excite, appease, and sway the passions, agree 
ably to the design of the speaker, is what Quintilian calls, " the 
soul and spirit of his art." 



8 INVENTION. 

How is this to be accomplished 1 

By being moved ourselves ; by painting the object of 
that passion which we wish to raise, in the most natural 
and striking manner ; and by describing it with such cir- 
cumstances as are likely to awaken it in the minds of 
others. 

What are the affections, or passions 1 

They are certain emotions of the mind, accompanied 
either with pleasure or pain. 

How does Aristotle define them 1 

The affections, says he, are those things, by which men 
being moved, make a different judgment of things,* 

What passions may be referred to the different kinds of 
orations 1 

To the Demonstrative may be referred joy and sorrow, 
love and hatred, emulation and contempt ; to the Delibe- 
rative, fear, hope, and shame ; and to the Judicial, anger 
and lenity, pity and indignation. 

* Cicero, in his De Oratore, Book u., Chapter 42, says : " For 
men often judge under the influence of hatred, love, desire, an- 
ger, grief, joy, hope, fear, mistake, or some emotion of the mind, 
rather than of truth, precept, law or equity." 



PART II. 
DISPOSITION. 

What is Disposition % 

Disposition is the proper arrangement of the arguments 
or parts of an oration. 

How many parts are there in a regular, formal oration, 
and in what order should they stand 1 

Six; and generally stand in the following order: Ex- 
ordium, Narration, Proposition, Confirmation, Refutation, 
and Peroration.* 

What is the Exordium ? 

The Exordium, or Introduction, is that part of an ora- 
tion in which the speaker gives some intimation of the 
subject to the audience, in order to render them attentive, 
benevolent, and docile.f 

What are the principal kinds of introductions % 

The Exordium ab abrupto, Frincipium, and Insinuation 

When is the Exordium ab abrupto used * 

* Hence the old verse : 

Exorsus, Narro, Seco, Firmo, Refuto, Peroro. 
Cicero expresses himself in a similar manner relative to the na- 
tural constituent parts of an oration : " Inventio in sex partes 
orationis consumitur, in Exordium, Narrationem, Divisionem, 
Confirmationem, Confutationem, et Conclusionem." Ad He- 
ren. i. 3. 

Blair says : " There may be many excellent discourses in pub- 
lic, where several of these parts are altogether wanting ; where 
the speaker, for instance, uses no introductions but enters di- 
rectly on his subject ; where he has no occasion either to divide 
or explain ; but simply reasons on one side of the question and 
then finishes." 

t Cicero and Quintilian mention three ends, to one or other 
of which an Exordium should be subservient : " Reddere audi- 



10 ELEMENTS Or RHETORIC. 

When the subject is such that the very mention of it 
naturally awakens some passionate emotion ; or when the 
unexpected presence of some person or object in a popular 
assembly inflames the speaker, and makes him break forth 
with unusual warmth.* 

When is Principium used ? 

When the orator plainly and directly professes his aim 
in speaking. 

When is Insinuatio used I 

When the orator, supposing the disposition of the audi- 
ence to be prejudiced against him, artfully endeavours to 
conciliate their favour, before he openly discovers the point 
he has in view,f 

Enumerate the rules necessary to be observed in the 
composition of an Exordium. 

It should be such as the subject naturally suggests ;t it 
should not be composed until the speaker has meditated 
in his own mind the substance of his discourse ;Q it should 

* The appearance of Cataline in the Senate, renders the vehe- 
ment beginning of Cicero's first oration against him very natu- 
ral and proper : Quousque tandem, Catihna, abutere patientia 
nostra ? 

t See Cicero's second oration against Rullus, and his seventh 
against Mark Antony. 

X It must appear, as Cicero beautifully expresses it : " Effloru- 
isse penitus ex ea causa quae turn agatur : " To have sprung up, 
of its own accord, from the matter which is under consideration." 
Cic. de Orat. Lib. n. 78. 

Sallust's Introductions, prefixed to his Catalinarian and Ju- 
gurthine wars, violate this rule. They might as well have been 
Introductions to any other history, or to any other Treatise 
whatever : and, therefore, though elegant in themselves, they 
must be considered as blemishes in the work, from want of due 
connexion with it. 

|| " When I have planned and digested all the materials of my 
discourse, it is my custom to think, in the last place, of the intro- 
duction with which I am to begin. For whenever I wished to 
consider the introduction first, nothing occurred to me but what 
was dry, trifling, trite, and common." Cic. de Orat. Lib. n. 77. 



DISPOSITION. 11 

not anticipate any material part of the subject ; and it 
should possess clearness, modesty, and conciseness. 

What is the Narration ? 

The Narration, says Apollodorus, is a discourse inform* 
ing the auditory of the matter in dispute. 

What are the qualities which critics chiefly require in 
Narration? 

Clearness and distinctness, probability and conciseness.* 

What are the principal difficulties which occur in Nar* 
ration ? 

For the orator to adhere strictly to veracity, and at the 
same time to avoid saying anything which would be pre- 
judicial to his cause ; to place in the most striking light 
every circumstance which appears to his advantage ; and 
to soften and weaken such as make against him ; render 
this part of the subject difficult in the execution. 

What is the Proposition ? 

The Proposition is a distinct and express manner of lay- 
ing down the subject upon which the speaker designs to 
treat.f 

When a formal distribution of an oration into parts is 
requisite, what is it called 1 

Partition, or Division. 

What is Division 1 

*" Narrations," says Aristotle, " should be, plain, brief, and 
probable: " <r«t<|>a? km ^et^uct;, aeu ax. emu-lite." Rhet. ad Alex. 
Cap. xxxi. 

Quintilian, treating of Narration, in the fourth book of his In- 
stitutes, says : " Most writers, especially those who follow the 
opinions of Isocrates, will have it to be clear, short and probable. 
The same division has my approbation." 

t Orators sometimes lay down the subject of their discourse in 
one general proposition. Thus Cicero, in his speech to the Se- 
nate, the day after Caesar was assassinated, says : " This being 
the state of our affairs, I think it necessary that we should lay 
aside all the discord and enmity which have arisen among us 
and return again to our former peace and unanimity." He then' 
proceeds to offer his reasons for this advice without any Divi- 



12 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

Division, says Quintilian, is an enumeration of our own 
propositions, or those of our opponent, or both together, 
disposed in order.* 

What are the most material rules to be observed in Par- 
tition, or Division 1 

The several parts into which the subject is divided 
should be really distinct from one another ; the subject 
should be divided into those parts into which it is most 
easily and naturally resolved ; the several members of a 
Division ought to exhaust the subject ; the terms in which 
Partitions are expressed should be as concise as possible ; 
and an unnecessary multiplication of heads should be avoid- 
ed, f 

What is the Confirmation ? 

The Confirmation, says Cicero, is that part of a discourse 
which contains the arguments which are necessary, in order 
to strengthen and illustrate the subject. + 

How many different methods may be used in the Con- 
firmation, or Argumentative part of an oration ? 

Two ; the Analytic and Synthetic. 

What is the Analytic method? 

The Analytic is when the speaker conceals his intention 
concerning the point he is to prove, until he has gradually 

* Cicero, in defence of Muraena, says : " I perceive the accu- 
sation consists of three parts : the first respects the conduct of 
his life ; the second his dignity ; and the third contains a charge 
of bribery." 

t Quintilian says : " But if Division should seem requisite, I 
am not inclined to assent to the notion of those, who would not 
have it extend to more than three heads. Indeed, when the 
partitions are too many, they escape the judges memory and dis- 
tract his attention ; but a cause is not to be scrupulously tied 
down to this number, as it may require more." 

Cicero, however, never divided any of his orations into more 
than three heads ; and Aristotle, in his Rhet. ad Alex. Cap. 
xxxii., says : we may divide them into three parts : "t*£o/x» h 
dxnaj; fia. Tg/w." 

X Aristotle says that in our confirmation " we must strengthen 
what went before by credible, just, and -proper proofs." 



DISPOSITION. IS 

brought his hearers to the designed conclusion. They are lex! 
on step by step from one known truth to another, till the 
conclusion be stolen upon them, as the natural consequence 
of a chain of propositions.* 

What is the Synthetic method ? 

The Synthetic method of reasoning, which is most ge- 
nerally used, and which is best adapted to the train of po- 
pular speaking, is when the point to be proved is fairly 
laid down and one argument after another is made to bear 
upon it, till the hearers are fully convinced. 

What is the most proper method of arranging the argu- 
ments of a Discourse ? 

Rhetoricians generally advise to place the weakest in 
the middle, and the strongest partly in the beginning, to 
preoccupy the hearers early, and partly at the end, in or- 
der to make a successful impression on the audience.f 

* As when one intending to prove the being of a God, sets out 
with observing that every thing we see in the world has had a 
beginning ; that whatever has had a beginning must have had a 
prior cause ; that in productions, art shown in the effect, neces- 
sarily infers design in the cause ; and proceeds, leading you on 
from one cause to another, till you arrive at one supreme first 
cause, from whom is derived all the order and design visible in 
his works. 

Plato was the author of the Analytic art, which is essentially 
the same with the Socratic method by which that philosopher 
silenced the sophists of his age. But there are few subjects 
which will admit this method, and not many occasions on which 
it is proper to be employed. Besides, it is not so well adapted 
to continued discourses, as to those which are interlocutory ; 
and therefore we find it oftenest in the Socratic Dialogues of 
Plato and Xenophon. 

t Quintilian, in the fifth book of his Institutes, says : " It has 
also been a matter of dispute, whether the strongest proofs should 
be placed in the beginning, to make an immediate impression on 
their minds ; or at the end, to make the impression continue with 
them ; or to distribute them, partly in the beginning, and partly 
at the end, placing the weaker in the middle, according to the or- 
der of battle set forth in Homer, (see Homer's II. book iv. v. 297;) 
or lastly, to begin with the weakest, and proceed gradually to the 
strongest. For my part, I think this should depend on the na- 
ture and exigencies of the cause ; yet with this reserve, that 

3 



1-4 ELEMENTS OP RHETORIC. 

What is the Refutation 1 

The Refutation, or Confutation, is an answer to our 
opponent's arguments ; either by contradicting them, or 
showing some mistake in the reasoning, or their invalidity 
when granted.* 

Of what does the Peroration consist? 

The Peroration or Conclusion, consists of a recapitula- 
tion of the strongest arguments concentrated into one view f 
and an address to the passions. * 

from powerful the discourse might not dwindle into nugatory 
and frivolous arguments." 

Ergo ut in oratore optimus quisque, sic et in oratione, firmis- 
simum quodque sit primum : dum illud tamen in utroque tenea- 
tur, ut ea, quae excellant, serventur etiam ad perorandum : si 
qure erunt mediocria (nam. vitiosis nusquam esse oportet locum) 
in mediam turbam,atquein gregem conjiciantur. Cic.de Orat. 
lib. n. 77. 

* In the Refutation, says Aristotle : " It is necessary to extenu- 
ate your adversaries' arguments and amplify your own : " Ju t& 
juir ix.z:va>v /udi^oicov , ti Si (runra etvf&v" Ad Alex. Cap. xxxiv. 

t Quintilian says, in the sixth book, chapter i. of his Insti- 
tutes: " The Peroration, called by some the Completion, by others 
the Conclusion, of a discourse, is of two sorts and regards either 
the matter discussed in it, or the moving of the passions. 

The repetition of the matter, and its collection together which 
is called by the Greeks (ctvcutsqAXAiuxris) Recapitulation, and by 
some of the Latins, Enumeration, serves for refreshing the 
judge's memory, for placing the whole cause in one direct point 
of view, and for enforcing many proofs in a body, which, separate, 
made less impression." 

| " But it should not be imagined, as some have thought, that 
all this excitement of the passions, all these sentimental emo- 
tions, ought to be confined to the Exordium and Peroration. In 
them, indeed, they are most frequent, yet other parts admit them 
also, but in a shorter space, as their greatest stress should be re- 
served for the end. For here all the springs of eloquence are to be 
opened. It is here we secure the minds of the audience, if what 
went before was well-executed. Now, having passed the rocks 
and shallows,we may expand all our sails for being swelled with 
a favourable gale. And as amplification makes a great part of 
the Peroration, we may then embellish our style with the most 
pompous expressions and elevated thoughts." Quint. Inst. lib. vi. 
cap. i. 

Cicero, in his de Oratore, book n. chapter 81, says : u But all 
speeches are generally concluded with amplifications, in order 
either to exasperate or mollify the judge ; and all the abilities of 



DISPOSITION. 15 

EXEMPLIFICATIONS OF THE PRECEDING RULES. 

satan's speech to his rebel host. 
(a) O myriads of immortal spirits ! O powers 

Matchless, but with th' Almighty! and that strife 
Was not inglorious though th' event was dire, 
As this place testifies, and this dire change, 
Hateful to utter : (b) But what power of mind, 
Foreseeing or presaging, from the depth 
Of knowledge past or present, could have fear'd 
How such united force of Gods, how such 
As stood like these, could ever know repulse % 
For who can yet believe, though after loss, 
That all these puissant legions, whose exile 
Hath emptied Heav'n, shall fail to re-ascend, 
Self-rais'd, and reposses their native seat 1 
Forme, be witness all the host of Heaven, 
If counsels different, or dangers shunn'd 
By me, have lost our hopes. But he, who reigns 
Monarch in Heav'n, till then as one secure 
Sat on his throne, upheld by old repute, 
Consent or custom, and his regal state 
Put forth at full, but still his strength conceal'd, 
Which tempted our attempt, and wrought our fall. 
Henceforth his might we know, and know our own, 
So as not either to provoke, or dread 
New war, provoked : (c) Our better part remains: 
To work in close design, by fraud or guile, 
What force effected not : that he no less 
At length from us may find, who overcomes 
By force, hath overcome but half his foe. 
(d) Space may produce new worlds ; whereof so rife 
There went a fame in Heav'n that he ere long 
Intended to create, and therein plant 
an orator, as in the Exordium, so more especially in the Conclvt- 
sion of the speech, are to be exerted in giving the strongest im- 
pulse to the feelings of the judges in our favour." 
(a) Exordium. (&.)Narration. (c) Proposition, (d) Confirmation. 



16 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

A generation, whom his choice regard 
Should favour equal to the sons of Heav'n : 
Thither, if but to pry, shall be perhaps, 
Our first eruption, thither or elsewhere : 
(a) For this infernal pit shall never hold 

Celestial spirits in bondage, nor th' abyss 
Long under darkness cover* (b) But these thoughts 
Full counsel must mature : peace is despair'd, 
For who can think submission ] War then, war, 
Open or understood, must be resolv'd. 

Milt. Par. Lost. Book i. 622. 

St. Paul's eloquent Defence before King JLgrippa, and Festus 
the Roman Governor in Judaea. — Acts xxvi. 

(c) I think myself happy, king Agrippa, because I shall 
answer for myself this day before thee, touching all the 
things whereof I am accused of the Jews ; especially, be- 
cause I know thee to be expert, in all customs and questions 
which are among the Jews : wherefore I beseech thee to, 
hear me patiently. 

(d) My manner of life from my youth, which was at the 
first among mine own nation at Jerusalem, know all the 
Jews, who knew me from the beginning, (if they would 
testify,) that, after the straitest sect of our religion, I lived 
a Pharisee : and now I stand and am judged for the hope of 
the promise made of God unto our fathers ; unto which 
promise our twelve tribes, instantly serving God day and 
night, hope to come ; for which hope's sake, King Agrippa, 
I am accused of the Jews. 

(e) Why should it be thought a thing incredible with you 
that God should raise the dead ? 

(/) I verily thought with myself, that I ought to do many 
things contrary to the name of Jesus of Nazareth. Which 

(a) Refutation (b) Peroration. (c) Exordium. 

(d) Narration. (c) Proposition. (/) Confirmation. 



DISPOSITION. 17 

thing I also did in Jerusalem : and many of the Saints did 
I shut up in prison, having received authority from the 
Chief Priests ; and when they were put to death, I gave 
my voice against them : and I punished them oft in every 
synagogue, and compelled them to blaspheme ; and, be- 
ing exceedingly mad against them, I persecuted them even 
to strange cities. Whereupon, as I went to Damascus, 
with authority and commission from the chief priests, at 
midday, O king ! I saw in the way a light from Heaven, 
above the brightness of the sun, shining around about me, 
and them who journied with me. And, when we were all 
fallen to the earth, I heard a voice speaking to me, and 
saying in the Hebrew tongue, Saul, Saul, why persecutest 
thou me? It is hard for thee to kick against the pricks. — 
And I said, who art thou, Lord ! and he said, lam Jesus, 
whom thou persecutest. But rise, and stand upon thy 
feet ; fori have appeared unto thee, for this purpose: to 
make thee a minister and a witness, both of these things 
which thou hast seen, and of those things in the which I 
will appear unto thee : Delivering thee from the people, 
and from the Gentiles, unto whom now I send thee ; to 
open their eyes, and to turn them from darkness to light, 
and from the power of Satan unto God ; that they may re- 
ceive forgiveness of sins, and inheritance among them who 
are sanctified by faith that is in me. Whereupon, O king 
Agrippa, I was not disobedient to the heavenly vision ; but 
showed first unto them of Damascus, and at Jerusalem, and 
throughout all the coasts of Judaea, and then to the Gen- 
tiles, that they should repent and turn to God, and do works 
meet for repentance. 

(a) For these causes the Jews caught me in the temple, 
and went about to kill me. Having therefore obtained help 
of God, I continue unto this day, witnessing both to small 
and great; saying none other things than those, which 

(a) Refutation 
3* 



18 ELEMENT'S OF RHETORIC. 

the prophets and Moses did say should come : " That 
Christ should suffer; and that he should be the first that 
should rise from the dead ; and should show light unto the 
people and to the Gentiles." 

(a ) I am not mad, most noble Festus, but speak forth 
the words of truth and soberness: for the king knoweth of 
these things, before whom also I speak freely ; for I am 
persuaded, that none of these things are hidden from him : 
for this thing was not done in a corner. King Agrippa, be- 
Iievesl thou the prophets ? I know that thou believest. I 
would to God, that not only thou, but also all that hear me 
this day, were both almost, and altogether such as I am, 
except these bonds. 

ORATIO CATILINE. 

(b) Ne virtus fidesque vestra spectata mihi forent, ne- 
quicquam opportuna res cecidisset ; spes magna, dominatio 
in manibus frustra fuissent : neque ego per ignaviam, aut 
vana ingenia, incerta pro certis captarem. Sed quia multis et 
magnis tempestatibus vos cognovi fortes fidosqUe mihi ; eo 
animus ausus maximum atque pulcherrimum facinus inci- 
pere : simul quia vobis, eadem mihi, bona malaque intel^ 
lexi ; nam 'idem velle atque nolle, ea demum firma ami- 
citia est. 

(c) Sed ego, quae mente agitavi, omnesjam antea diver- 
si audistis caeterum mihi in dies magis animus accenditur, 
cum considero, quae conditio vitas futura sit nisi nosmet 
ipsi vindicamus in libertatem. Nam postquam respublica 
in paucorum jus atque ditionem concessit; semper illis 
reges, tetrarchae vectigales esse ; populi, nationes stipendia 
pendere ; caeteri omnes strenui, boni, nobiles atque igno 
biles, fuimus vulgus, sine gratia, sine auctoritate, his ob- 
noxii, quibus, si respublica valerat, formidini essemus. Ita- 
que omnis gratia, potentia, honos, divitiae apud illos sunt, 

(a) Peroration. (b) Exordium. (c) Narratio. 



DISPOSITION- 19 

autubi illi volunt : nobis reliquerunt, pericula, judicia, eges- 
atem. Quae quousque tandem patiemini, fortissimi viri ! 

(a) Nonne emori per virtutem prsestat, quam vitam mi- 
seram atque inhonestam, ubi alienae superbi® ludibrio 
fueris, per dedecus amittere 1 verum enimvero proh Deum 
atque hominum fidem ! Victoria in manu nobis est. 

(b) Vigit aetas, animus valet ; contra illis, annis atque 
divitiis omnia consenuerunt : tantummodo incepto opus 
est ; csetera res expediet. 

(c) Etenim quis mortalium, cui virile ingenium, tolerare 
potest, illis divitias superare, quas profundantin extruendo 
man, et montibus cocequandis ; nobis rem familiarem etiara 
ad necessaria deesse 1 Illos binas aut amplius domos con- 
tinuare ; nobis larem familiarem nusquam ullum esse ? 
Cum tabulas, signa, toreumata emunt ; nova diruunt, alia 
aedificant ; postremo, omnibus modis pecuniam trahunt, 
vexant; tamen summalubidine divitias suas vincere neque- 
unt 1 At nobis est domi inopia, foris aes alienum; malaires 
spes multo asperior ; denique, quid reliqui habemus, praeter 
miseram animam 1 

(e?)Quin igitur expergiscimini ? En ilia, ilia, quam saepe 
optastis, libertas ! Praeterea, divitiae, decus, gloria, in ocu- 
lis sita sunt ! fortuna ea omnia victoribus praemia posuit. — 
Res, pericula, tempus, egestas, belli spolia magnifica, ma- 
gis quam oratio mea, vos hortentur. Vel imperatore, vel 
milite, me utimini ; neque animus, neque corpus, a vobis 
aberit. Haec ipsa, ut spero, vobis cum una consul agam 
nisi forte animus fallit, et vos servire magis, quam imperare 
parati estis. 

Sall. Bel. Catil. 

CATALINE's ORATION IN ENGLISH. 

(e)Had I not sufficient proofs of your courage and fideli- 
ty, in vain had this favourable opportunity offered itself; 

(a) Propositio. (b) Confirmatio. (c) Refutatio. (d) Peroratio. 
(e) Exordium. 



20 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

great hopes and dominion had been in our hands to no pur- 
pose : nor would I grasp at uncertainty for certainty, by the 
help of men of inactive and unsteady dispositions. But be- 
cause I have found you valiant and faithful to me upon ma- 
ny and important occasions, my mind has dared to under- 
take one of the greatest and noblest enterprises : as also, 
because I am persuaded that your interest mast be affected 
by what is advantageous or injurious to me ; for a simili- 
tude of desires and aversions is the only lasting foundation 
of friendship. 

(a) You have all separately heard already what I have 
projected in my mind : — but my desire is daily more in- 
flamed, when I consider, what will probably be our condi- 
tion of life, if we assert not our own liberty. For since 
the commonwealth has fallen to the management and dis- 
posal of a few; kings and tetrarchs have always been sub- 
ject to them ; states and nations have paid them tribute : 
the rest of us, the brave, the good, the noble and the igno- 
ble, have all been as the vilest of the vulger, without inte- 
rest, without authority, exposed to those, to w r hom we should 
be a terror, if the administration were in its proper state. 
Hence all interest, power, honour, and riches, have been en- 
grossed by them, or disposed of at their pleasure : to us 
they have left dangers, repulses, impeachments, and pover- 
ty. Which indignities, how long will you, the bravest of 
men, tamely endure? 

(6)Is it not better to die bravely, than by disgrace to lose a 
miserable and inglorious life, after you have been the sport 
of other mens' insolence 1 But, by the faith of gods and 
men, we have certain victory in our hands ! 

(c) We have youth, strength, and courage on our side : 
on the contrary, every thing with them is impaired by years 
and luxury ; there is need only of a beginning : the under- 
taking itself will accomplish all the rest. 

(a) Narration, (b) Preposition, (c) Confirmation. 



DISPOSITION. 21 

(a) And what mortal, who lias the spirit of a man, can 
bear, that they should have riches in abundance, to lavish 
in building in the sea, and in levelling mountains ; and that 
we should want, even a competency, for the necessaries of 
life 1 That they should have numbers of houses together ; we 
not so much as a household-god left us 1 

While they purchase paintings, statues, embossed figures; 
pull down their new buildings, and erect others more statety; 
in a word, by all methods, raise and consume their money; 
yet, with their utmost extravagance, they cannot exhaust 
their riches. But we have poverty at home, and debts 
abroad; our circumstances bad, our expectations much 
more desperate. To conclude : — What have we left us, 
except a life of misery. 

(6) Why then do you not awake ? Behold that liberty ! 
that glorious liberty, you have often wished for ! Moreover, 
wealth, honour and glory are placed in your view ! Fortune 
has proposed all rewards to the conquerors. May the oc- 
casion, opportunity, dangers, distresses, and the magnifi- 
cent spoils of war excite you more than my oration. Use 
me, either as your general or fellow soldier : my heart and 
hand shall be inseparably with you. I hope to be able to 
assist you in the enterprise, with the consular power, unless 
perhaps my mind deceives me, and you be disposed rather 
to be slaves, than to command. 

What is a Theme ? 

A Theme is a short and formal treatise on a given sub- 
ject.* 

(a) Refutation. (b) Peroration. 

* Themata vel celebres auctorum sententios quae in scholis ad 
exercenda puerorum ingenia proponi solent, duo fere habent ge- 
nera ; vel enim Chreia sunt vel Gnomce. Gnome dicitur quae 
praecipitur aliquid vel agendum vel omittendum, fugiendumve : 

Vive tibi,quantumquepotesprcelustria vita, 

vel, 

JVe quid nimis : 



21 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

Into how many parts is it divided 1 
Seven: Proposition, Reason, Confirmation, Simile, 
Example, Testimony, and Conclusion. 

Gnome tract at a brevissime. 
Festlna lente. 
1. Propositio. 
Damnosa est in gerendis rebus nimia festinatio. 
2. Ratio. 
Quia nihil consilio tarn inimicum est quam temderaria ne- 
gotii praecipitatio. 

3. Confirmatio. 
Sine consilio autem, quicquid sit, recte fieri non potest. 

4. Simile. 
Ut aestas frugibus, ita deliberandi spatium maturandis 
negotiis necessarium. L ' 

5. Exemplum. 
Fabius Maximus [ut dicitur] Romae cunctando restituit 
rem. 

6. Vetus Testimonium. 
Noverat enim verum esse vetus illud verbum ; omnia 
fieri sat cito sat bene. 

7. Conclusio. 
Bene igitur videtur consulere, qui lente monet festinare. 

THEMA II. 

Imprimis venerare Deum. 

Prop. Videtur illud mihi officium pietatis perquam neces- 
sarium, antequam ad obeunda quotidianae vitae opera nos ac- 
cingamus, ab invocatione divini numinis auspicari. 

Pat. Quomodo enim fieri potest ut in operibus institutis 
feliciter progrediamur, nisi propitium nobis faventemque 
imprimis Deum reddiderimus 1 

Chreia vero est qusedam nuda rei notitia, sed ea etiam utilis 
vitae ; quae sine praeceptione aliqua vel suasione proponitur. lit, 
Mors omnibus communis est. 

Eodem fere modo utraque tractatur brevissime quidem sic. 



DISPOSITION. 28 

Confirm. Nam sine ejus auxilio nihil est, quod quisquam 
suscipere, vel conari, vel cogitare, necdum perficere, possit. 

Simile. Quemadmodum agricola terrain frustra quidem 
colit, nisi pluviae caelestes reddant fructiferam ; ita nos in- 
utiliter prorsus operi caiquam admovebiraus manum, si di- 
vina id gratia non irrigaverit, qua quod suscepimus ad exi- 
tum felicem perdueamus. 

Exemp. Memoriae traditum est Romanos olim nihij so- 
licitos fuisse inauspicato molire, nihil aggredi, non explora- 
ta prius deorum suorum voluntate. Quanto id magis nos 
facere Christianos decet ! 

Vet. Test. Itaque Poeta recte monet, qui " a Jove prin- 
cipium, a Deo monet auspicandum." 

Conclus. Quare siquis habet in vortis ut omnia sibi ne- 
gotia prospere cadant, operam imprimis det, ut precibus sibi 
conciliet voluntatem Dei; quoniam solus, ut poetae verbis 
concludam: " Vires ille dat, ille rapit." 

CHREIA. 

THEMA III. 

Mors omnibus communis. •' '' - * 

Prop. Hominibus tandem serius aut citius moriendum est 
omnibus. 

Bat. Hanc enim naturae legem eonstituit omnipotens De- 
us, nequis e nostro genere immortalis sit. 

Conj. Dei autem leges perfringi nullo modo possunt. 

Simile. Quare, ut Cato venit in theatrum ita nos in 
hunc mundum, ut exeamus. 

Exemp. Sanctissimus David, sapientissimus Solomon, 
Samson fortissimus, morti omnes succubuerunt. 

Ver. Test. Adeo verum est iliud poetae : "Omnes una 
manet nox, et calcanda semel via lethi." 

Conclus. Vita igitur hac brevi nunc utamur fruamque, vi- 
delicet ex terra fieti in terram redituri. 



24 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

THEMA IV. 

Labor improbus omnia vincit. 

Prop. Nihil adeo est arduum, nihil tarn operosum, quod 
assiduitate laboris et constantia non possit aliquando ex- 
pugnari. 

Rat. Nam quae duae res omnium videntur difficillimae, cum 
sint pulcherimce, si quis diligenter operum dat, utramque 
sibi tandem conciliabit, rerum cognitionem atque virtu- 
tem. 

Conf. Quippe virtutem, quaeque alia in bonis habentur, 
omnia posuisse Deus dicitur " sudoris in arce :" quam qui 
enitendo secutus fuerit, haec omnia simul consequitur. 

Simile. Quemadmodum enim gutta cavat lapidem, non 
vi sed saepe cadendo ; ita quae durissima sunt neque primo 
impetu superari possunt, industries tamen et sedulitati 
assiduae cedunt. 

Exemp. Accepimus olim perpetuis laboribus tantas res 
gessisse Herculem, quantas ab homine geri potuisse vix 
profecto jam credimus. 

Vet. Test. Adeo verum est id quod praeclare Q.'Curtius 
inquit, " Nihil tarn alte natura posuit, quo virtus non pos- 
sit enitti." 

Conclus. Est igitur hoc sole meridiano clarius, ea quem- 
que in quibus laboraverit nervosque omnes intenderit, ex- 
animi sententia confecturum esse omnia ; at merito inde- 
corum et turpe habendum sit a rebus honestis atque prae- 4 
Claris metu difrlcultatis absterreri. 



niSuKOtr e£ iigna- oKtyn \i€ctr. — Callimachus. 

Prop. Cujuslibet rei elegaritia concinnitate partium ma- 
gis quam magnitudine commendatur. 

Rat. Quodcunque enim reipsa pulchrum est, nihil addi- 
tamenti indiget. 



DISPOSITION. 25 

€onf. Plerumque etiam grandiora quae sunt, defectus, 
<jualescunque sint, magis conspicuos exhibeant necesse est. 

Simile. Neque enim hoc a naturae ratione abhorret, quae 
in minutis avibus decorandis magis operosa est, quam in 
elephanti mole conformanda. 

Exemp. Scilicet non ducem alium quam naturam habet 
hominum judicium, qui Pindarum venerantur, A.nacreontem 
diligunt magis, et amplectuntur. 

Vet. Test. Testem habemus Martialem : 
I Saepius in libro memoratur Persius uno, 

Quam levis in tota Marsus Amazonide. 
Concl. Quae cum ita sint, si quid nobis componendum pro- 
ponatur, potius, ut numerus omnibus absolntum sit, quam 
prolixum, studeamus. 

THEMA VI. 

Plurimum enim intererit, quibus artibus et quibus hunc tu 

Moribus instituas. — Juv. Sat. xiv. 73. 
For it shall be of great consequence in what arts and in what 
morals you instruct him. 

Prop. Nemo potest illos dedlscere mores, aut earn excu- 
tere vivendi rationem, ad quam ab ipsis olim incunabilis as- 
suevit. 

Rat. Quoniam impetus ille primus, tenerae pueritiae indi- 
tus, tam magnum habet in universa hominum vita monumen- 
tum, ut dediscat id sero, quod quis didicit diu. 

Conf. Quae enim longa annorum serie, frequentissimaque 
actionum iteratione acquiruntur, in alteram quasi naturam 
transeunt. 

Simile. Quemadmodum avium pulli et ferarum catuli, se- 
mel mansuefacti, semper manent cicures etiam quando in 
grandiores evaserint : non dissimiliter quos didicerit mores 
puerilis aetas, eosdem etiam turn quando adoleverit, penitis- 
sime sibi infixos usque retinebit. 

Exemp. Ovidio, scribendis versibus a teneiis annis dedi- 
4 



26 ELEMEMT8 OF RHETORIC. 

to, tarn familiaris ac pene naturalis facta est poetica facul- 
tas, ut illi per universam deinceps vitam : 
Sponte sua numeros carmen veniebat ad aptos. 

Nee dissimiliter contigit in reliquis artibus vivendi que 
institutis. 

Vet. Test. Ad quid enim aliud respexit Cicero, cum dix- 
erit, " Nullum nos posse majus meliusve reipublicae afferre 
munus, quam docendo et erudiendojuventutem," nisi quod 
recta juventutis institutio ad summum reipublicae emolu- 
mentum conducat maxime. 

Conclu. Proinde si quis in votis habeat, liberos suos ad 
virtutem formare ac bonos mores ; id imprimis operam det 
utvirtutis atque pietatis odore, ab ipsis statim fasciis, inti- 
mius imbuantur ; quem ad extremam usque senectutem re- 
dolebunt. 

Adeo in teneris assuescere multum est. — Virg. 

A Theme in English; the Thesis and Substance taken from 1 Es- 
dras, iv. 
Great is the Truth and stronger than all things. 

Prop. Truth is great and mighty above all things. All 
the earth calleth upon it, the Heaven blesseth it, all works 
shake and tremble at it, and with it is no unrighteous 
thing. 

Reas. Because with her there is no accepting of persons, 
or rewards ; but she doeth the things which are just : and 
all men approve her works. 

Confirm.For in her judgment there is no unrighteousness, 
and she is the strength, dominion, power, and majesty of 
all ages. 

f- Simile. Even as God the great Creator is greater than 
the spacious earth, the high heaven, or the swift sun that 
compasseth the heavens, and returns to his own place in 
one day ; so is Truth greater and stronger than all things. 

Exemp. Hence it is that David so frequently calls God, 
a God of Truth. The Lord is my rock, and my fortress, 



DISPOSITION. "27 

and ray deliverer. Psal. xviii. 2. I have hated them that 
regard lying vanities : but I trust in the Lord : O Lord 
God of Truth. Psal. xxxi. 5—6. 

Test. And our Saviour Christ himself, to show the great- 
ness, superiority, and eternity of Truth, calls himself the 
Truth. I am the way, and the Truth, and the life. — John 
xiv. 6. 

Concl. Wine therefore is wicked, kings are wicked, wo- 
men are wicked, all the children of men are wicked, and 
such are all their wicked works, all which must perish ; 
but as for Truth, it endureth, and is always strong; it liveth, 
and conquereth for evermore : I conclude, and cry out that, 
Great is the Truth, and stronger than all things. Blessed 
be the God of Truth. 

The same Theme in Greek. 

bAzyAXH h AxdSsw., u.ii ta-^yqoTi^A 7rA£*. ttavta. 

Great is the Truth, and stronger than all things. 

(a) MtyttXn it cttoQeia xai tT^y^rt^tt 7ta^a ttavta. Uao-a h y» mv 
AXitQti&T KAMI, xai o xgAvog etumv wkoyei, xai 7Tavta ta igyx <rwrrAi kxi 
T£iju»t f xai hx. trrt y.il our us aJixov xSiv. 

(b) On xx urn 7rx£ avtw \a/ul€avuv 7rgGTc<mA, x<k $iA<pc£A, akka xai 

T* ilKAlA JTOIU K-At7rAVTiS OjSoXXTl T0l( tgyiK AUTiig. 

(c) Ot/ruA ax wnv ev th x^itu auths xS& aSixov xxt aura, n ir%ys, xau 
ro @Ari\SMV t XAi » tgxtrtA, xai n /uiyAKuoTH? tow ttavtoov eucemv. 

(d) Ka9»? o 0EO2,o? 7rAVTA7roiii,/u.it^cev » [xryAKu y» v^ntos, x^ayh. 

UTS TA^Uf H\tGS, 0? a-T^KplfTAl IV T» Xi/XKCD TX X£AVX , XAI 7TAKIV eLTTW^U 

«? rot ixtrra romy iv juia u/u.i^A- ovra>g » Ak»Bua /xu^tay xai la-^v^oneA. 7r a^a 

7TA1TA. 

(«) ErrwQtv o AABIA ttoKKaxi? ovo/uoe^u ©ecv rov ©ecv <r»? AkxQuxx;. 
Kyg/of <rre£ice/u.A p.x, xai xxrrxquyu /ux, xai gvtnw; fj.x. Psalm xviii. 
2. H/luc-ho-a <r«c <fix/$u\x<rcrzvrA; /ULATAtiriiTos Sixxevy<s*ya> efs vri ru Kvgu* 
)i\7tita Kw^/s o ©so?™? AkhBua?. Psalm xxxi. 5, 6. 

(f) Ksu Ku^/4? »[aw o EPI2T02 awros , oia Safyi on tta^a kayta * 
Axa6aat t>7re£t<rxyy, H7rtv — Eyoo a/ut » oSog , xai h AAH0EIA, xai a %m. — 
Joan xiv. 6. 

(g)OwaJixos o on:?, aJixoso BxtriXiuc, aSixai At Tuvxixi?,dAtxoi7rAY<ri; ol 
vioi tuy aydpwTW, xai aJixa iiAiint <ta tfyx avrm ta tciauta, xai ArnkxinAt. 

A\X H AXmtlA fAiVU , XAI t7%l)6( V.O* TOV AlGiVA, XAI £» XAt X^ATU UC T01 AUDI A 

rx ajato;. Emkzya> xai quovsu — MsyA\>i » AkhBua, xai tT^yzyr^A tto^a 
TAtTA. EuxoynTo? o ©a? T»j AynQuA?. 

(a) Propositio. (b) Ratio, (c) Confirmatio. (d) Simile. 

(e) Exemplum. (/) Testimonium, (g) Conclusio. 



18 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 



PART III. 



ELOCUTION. 

What is Elocution ? 

Elocution is the proper, polite, and ornamental expression 
of our thoughts.* 

Into how many parts is it divided ? 

Three: Composition, Elegance and Dignity, j- 

What is Composition] 

Composition is such a structure of words and periods, 
as conduces most to accuracy of expression and harmony 
of sound, t 

Enumerate the parts of Composition] 

Period, !| Order,§ Juncture,** and Number. ff 

* Omnis oratio tres habet virtutes, ut emendata, ut dilucida, ut 
ornata sit. Quint. Inst. lib. i. cap. 5. 

t Hinc tria in se habere debet, Composltionem, Elegantiam, et 
Dignitatem. Cic. ad Her. Lib. iv. cap. 12. 

X Dionysius of Halicarnassus, in his Treatise on the Structure 
of words, has recounted the different sorts of style, has divided 
each into the periods of which it is composed, has again subdivid- 
ed those periods into their different members, those members into 
their words, those words into syllables, and has even anatomized 
the very syllables into letters, and made observations on the dif- 
ferent natures and sounds of the vowels, half- vowels, and mutes. 
He shows also by examples from Homer, Herodotus, and Thuey- 
dides, with what artful management those distinguished writers 
have sweetened and ennobled their composition, and made their 
sound to echo to the sense. In hb.de Comp. Cap. 2. he says: " Ecrrt 
T»f ^vvQuria); igyj-, ofn.ua>; &itvoU to. ts ovcjU.a.w. Trctg aOOoiKA. xxt tot; 
na>koi; a.7rxSiivct.t TiivTrgotrUHHvcLV cLgfjLovtttv, x-cu rcu; 7ri^tcSoi; <ft*ha,Cuv cwrtv 
o>.ov tcv \oyov: '-'The business of Composition is to arrange our words 
in exact order respecting each other, to render to each member 
its proper harmonious sound, and to distinguish the whole ora- 
tion into its most agreeable periods." 

|j Cicero distinguishes sentences into two kinds : the one he 
calls " tracta," direct or straight; and the other "contorta," 
bent or winding. By the former he designates those sentences 
whose members follow each other in a direct order without any 
inflection ; and by the latter, those consisting of correspondent 
parts so formed that the voice in pronouncing them may have a 
proper elevation and cadence; and as the latter part returns back 



ELOCUTION. 29 

In what doe3 Elegance consist? 

In the perspicuity and propriety of language ; purity in 
the choice of words ; and care and dexterity in their happy 
arrangement. 

and unites with the former, the period, like a circle, surrounds 
and encloses the whole sense. For jng/sJV in Greek signifies 
a circle, or circuit; and the Latins called it circuitus and ambi- 
tus. In the construction of periods, two things require attention ; 
their length and cadence. Although the precise length of periods 
cannot be ascertained by any definite measure, yet the ancient 
rhetoricians seldom used more than four members or colons. — 
The termination of each member should form a pause or rest in 
pronouncing : and these rests should be so distributed, as to 
make the course of the breathing easy ; for to extend them far- 
ther than the voice can manage, must be painful to the speaker, 
and consequently unpleasant to the audience. As to Cadence, 
Cicero says that the ears judge what is full and what is deficient; 
and Quintilian says, " let there be nothing harsh or abrupt in the 
conclusion of the sentence on which the mind pauses and rests. 
"This is the most material part in the structure of discourse. — 
Here every hearer expects to be gratified ; here his applause 
breaks forth." The only important rule, says Blair, that can be 
given here is, that the sound should be made to grow to the 
last ; the longest members of the period, and the fullest and most 
sonorous words, should be reserved to the conclusion. 

§ Order is of two kinds, Natural and Artificial : the one is pe- 
culiarly adapted to the genius of all the modern languages of 
Europe ; the other to the Latin, Greek, Sclavonic, Russian, and 
Gaelic. By the former, we arrange our words according to the 
order in which the understanding directs those ideas to be exhi- 
bited to the view of another : and by the latter, the ancients ge- 
nerally arranged their words according to the order in which the 
ideas arose in the speaker's imagination. The natural order is 
more clear and distinet; the artificial more striking and animat- 
ed. The modern arrangement appears to be the consequence 
of greater refinement in the art of speech ; the ancient gratifies 
more the rapidity of the imagination, which naturally runs first 
to that which is its chief object ; and having once named it, car- 
ries it in view throughout the rest of the sentence. In the an- 
cient languages the arrangement which most commonly obtains, 
is to place first in the sentence, that word which, expresses the 
principal object of the discourse, together with its circum- 
stances; and afterwards, the person, or the thing, that acts upon it. 
In the construction of artificial sentences, Quintilian says, that 
the verb should stand last, " because the force of the sentence 
lies in the verb." The object of the ancients, therefore, was that, 
as the whole sentence is imperfect without the verb, the mind 
4* 



<A' ELKMENTS OF UHETORIC. 

How is Elegance acquired 1 
being thus held in suspense might receive a more permanent im 
pression from it at last. 

** With regard to Juncture it may be observed, that when the 
preceding word ends with a vowel, the subsequent one ought to 
begin with a consonant ; and rice versa. But when it is more 
perspicuous or convenient, for vowels or consonants to end ont- 
word and begin the next, it is proper that the vowels be a long 
and short one : and that the consonants be either a liquid and a 
mute, or liquids of different sorts. And lastly, the same syllable 
ought not to be repeated at the end of one word and the begin- 
ning of the subsequent one. The following verse, at the begin- 
ning of the first book of Virgil's iEneid, possesses all these pro- 
perties : 

Anna virumque cano, TrojcB qui primus ab oris. 
Where any word, in this verse, ends with a vowel, the next be- 
gins with a consonant ; and where any one ends with a conso- 
nant, the next begins with a vowel ; and there is no repetition of 
the same sound throughout the whole line. It will be found ex- 
tremely difficult, however, on all occasions, to observe this har- 
monious construction ; especially in the English language, which 
abounds with consonants. 

tt In the Greek and Roman languages every syllable has its 
distinct quantity ; and is either long, short, or common : two or 
more of these joined together in a certain order make afoot, and 
a determinate number of these in a different order constitute 
their several sorts of metre. This variety of sounds gives a much 
greater harmony to their poetry, than what can arise only from 
the seat of the accent, and the similitude of sound at the end or 
two verses which chiefly regulate our metre. And although 
their prose was not so confined with regard to the feet, as their 
metrical composition ; yet it had a sort of measure, particularly 
in the rise and cadency of their periods, which they called rhe- 
torical number. Accordingly, the ancient rhetoricians taught 
what feet were best adapted to the beginning, middle, or end of 
a sentence. As such rules, however, are not applicable to our 
language, which has not that accurate distinction of quantity in 
its syllables, the following general directions may contribute to 
modulate our periods, and adjust their cadency. A considera- 
ble number of long or short words near each other should be 
avoided; a succession of words of the same termination should 
also be avoided ; nor should a sentence conclude with an adverb, 
a preposition, or any inconsiderable word. In general, says 
Blair, it seems to hold, that a musical close, in our language, re- 
quires either the last syllable, or the penult, that is, the last but 
one, to be a long syllable. 

From these remarks on the constituent parts of Composition, 
namely, Period, Order, Juncture, and Number, it will appear 
manifest, that the first treats of the structure of sentences ; the^ 



ELOCUTION. SI 

By studying the most correct writers, and by frequent 
and accurate composition. * 

In what does Dignity consist 1 

In elevation and grande?ir of thought, magnificence of ex- 
pression,! and a skilful application of Tropes and Fi- 
gures, t 

second, of the parts of sentences, which are words and members ;. 
and the two last, of the parts of words, whicli are letters and syl- 
lables ; the former exhibiting their connexion, and the latter their 
quantity. 

* Elegantia acquiritur doctrina puerili, et consuetudine ser- 
monis quotidiani, et lectione oratorum et poetarum confirmatur. 
— Cic. ad M. Brut, de Orat. 

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, on this subject, thus expresses 
himself: " E]t $u to/? rcev 7tcl\-juw svrvy%'j.vav truyy^tiAfAua-tv, ty' 
ivr&^zv y,n /liqvqv tj>? u7ro&&rw; mv oX»v akku. x.tu <rov todi tSiu>y.%Tm tyhw 
%o£»y»9a)/u.iv. H yxg 4u£w t« ctvuyimTy.ovTC?, ii7ro rut <rvvi%x$ 7rxg*- 
r>i£>i7ia)?,riiv cju otcniTct rx ^gctnTn^o; iqtAjL~ruj.De Prise. Script, cap. 
1. " We ought to be conversant in the writings of the ancients, 
not only for subject matter, but for the sake of imitating them 
in every particular. For the mind of a reader, by a perpetual 
observation, insensibly contracts a similitude of style." 

To these instances may be added the following extract from 
the thirteenth section of Longinus on the Sublime : ;; For hence 
it is, that numbers of imitators are ravished and transported by a 
spirit not their own, like the Pythian Priestess, when she ap- 
proaches the tripod. There is, if Fame speaks true, a chasm in 
the earth, from whence exhale Divine evaporations, which im- 
pregnate her on a sudden with the inspiration of her god. and 
cause in her the utterance of oracles and predictions. So. from 
the'sublime spirit of the ancients, there arise some fine effluvia, 
like vapours from the sacred vents, which work themselves in- 
sensibly into the breasts of imitators, and fill those, who natural- 
ly are not of a towering genius, with the lolly ideas and fire of 
others." 

t Isocrates speaking of Dignity, in Orat. v., contra Sophist., 
says: " rw x.-JUgw jun Sixuct^r^v, ukk-jl h.ii tow zv6ufjt,y,<rsL<rt TrptTcrrar 
o/.cy tov Keyov kxtattoikiK'jU, km vols cvofAstow ugybuces «%i juatraems eerw 

TAUT'X $i 7T'jK>:.K Zrt/U&M'J4 (fCTSU, K%1 ^U^Jtf CtvJg'.KXC X-ll S'.g'JL'J-riKHC i?-)i; 

arrt : li To adapt every thing to the occasion, to diversify, with 
becoming decency, the subject matter of an oration, and to place 
the words in a musical, harmonious order, require much dili- 
gence, sublime thought, and piercing penetration." 

t Majore autem cura rhetor doceat Tropos omnes et Figuras. 
quibus praecipue non modo poema, sed etiam Oratio ornatur. 
Quint. Inst. 

Longinus, in one place, speaking of Figures, says : "For these, 



36 KLEMMT1 OF RnnTORIC. 

What is a Trope ? 

A Trope (from Tgera, to turn) is the turning a word from 
its native and proper to a relative improved sense. * 
What occasioned the introduction of Tropes ? 
Necessity, Emphasis, and Ornament, j 
How many primary Tropes are there 1 
Four ; Metaphor, Melon y me, Synecdoche^ and Irony, t 

when judiciously used, conduce not a little to greatness:" and, 
in another place, " Figures naturally impart assistance to, and 
on the other side, receive it again, in a wonderful manner, from 
sublime sentiments." 

* Quintilian says. " a Trope is the change of a word or speech 
from its proper signification to another, in order to greater per- 
fection." 

Cicero, in his treatise entitled Brutus, says : " As to Tropes in 
general, they are, particular forms of expression, in which the 
proper name of a thing is supplied by another, which convey* 
the same meaning, but is borrowed from its adjuncts or effects."' 

t Cicero, in his third book de Oratore, says : " Modus transfer- 
endi verba late patet ; quam necessitas primum genuit, coacta 
inopia et angustias ; post autem delectatio, jucunditas que cele- 
bravit. Nam ut vestis, frigoris depellendi causa reperta primo,. 
post adhiberi caepta est ad ornatum etiam corporis et dignitatem 
sic verbi translatio instituta est inopioe causa, frequentata, delec- 
tationis: " The figurative usage of words is very extensive ; an 
usage to which necessity first gave rise, on account of the pauci- 
ty of words, and barrenness of language ; but which the plea- 
sure that was found in it afterwards rendered frequent. For as 
g«*ni:ents were first contrived to defend our bodies from the 
cold, and afterwards were employed for the purpose of ornament 
and dignity, so figures of speech, introduced by want, were cul- 
tivated for the sake of entertainment.' 

Quintilian, in book. viii. chap. C, says, we now make use of 
Tropes, " Aut quia necesse est, aut quia significaniius, aut quia 
deccntiits : " Through necessity, or to express a thing more em- 
phatically, or for the sake of ornament." 

t Praecipuorum Troporum praestantia si quseratur ; longe prin- 
ceps erit Metaphora, Ironia deinde succedet, tertia erit Metony- 
mia, postrema Synecdoche. Usus autem etiam frequentissimus 
est Metaphora?, deinde Metonymiae, turn Synecdoches, rarissi- 
raua Ironiae. Aud. Tab^eus. 

Inter omnes illas commendatissima? habentur Metaphorae, qua? 
rebus sensu expertibus actum quendam ac quasi animum tri- 
buunt. Ut cum dicitur fluvius Araxis impositum sibi ab Alex- 
andro pontem indignatus evertisse. Walker. Riiet. Lib. i. 
cap. 14. 



ELOCUTION, 



33 



Define and exemplify the primary Tropes. 
A Metaphor, in place of proper words, 1 
Resemblance puts ; and dress to speech affords. 
A Metonymy does new names impose, 2 
And things for things by near relation shows. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Quintilian says, " a Metaphor is a short similitude." 
And Cicero calls it " a similitude reduced to a single word." 
The peculiar effect of a Metaphor is to give light and 
strength to description ; to make intellectual ideas, in some 
sort, visible to the eye, by giving them colour, and substance 
and sensible qualities. Of all the flowers that embellish 
the regions of eloquence, there is none that rises to such 
an eminence, that bears so rich and beautiful a blossom, 
that diffuses such a copious and exquisite fragrance, or that 
so amply rewards the care and culture of the poet or the 
orator. Quintilian reduces them to four kinds. 

The first kind of Metaphors is founded on a comparison 
of the qualities of animate beings : as, Achilles was a lion. 
So in the Evangelist Luke, our Saviour in alluding to He- 
rod, says: " Go and tell that/ojt:." And Cicero, in his 
De Oratore, says : " Was it owing to art that my brother, 
here, when Philip asked him why he barked ? answered, 
because I see a thief." The second, of one inanimate 
thing with another: as, "Clouds of smoke;" "floods of fire ;" 
" he loosed the navy's reins." The third of animals with 
inanimate things : as, " Ajax was the bulwark of the 

reeks;" the two Scipios were thunderbolts of war." The 
last kind of Metaphors is that by which the actions and 
other properties of animals are attributed to inanimate ob- 
jects. Thus Virgil says : 

Araxes' stream 
Indigiiant with a bridge to be confined. 

And Homer ; He said : 

Divine Calypso at the sound 
ShudderM, and in ivvnged accents thus replied. 

2. Quintilian says, that " Metonymy consists in substi- 
tuting one name for another." Yossius calls it "a trope, 

Terms translated. 

1. Translation. 2 Changing of names, 



"4 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

Synecdoche the whole for part doth take ; 

Or, of a part for whole, exchange doth make. 3 

EXAMPLES. 

which changes the names of things whiclt are naturally 
united, but in such a manner as that one is not of the es- 
sence of the other." Metonymies are commonly distin- 
guished into four kinds. 

The first is when the cause is put for the effect : as, 
" He reads Homer," that is Homer's works ; " they have 
Moses and the prophets ;" meaning the writings of Moses 
and the prophets. The second puts the effect for the cause. 
Thus Virgil calls the two Scipios the destruction of Libya r 
because they were the agents who effected it. Horace al- 
so compliments Maecenas with the titles of being his guard 
and honour : that is, his guardian, and the author of his 
honour. And in another place he says : " Pale death 
knocks at the cottages of the poor and the palaces of kings, 
with an impartial pace." 

The third is when the subject is put for the adjunct. — 
By the subject here may be understood that in which some 
other thing is contained ; as also the thing signified, when 
put for the sign. By the former of these modes of express- 
ion we say the kettle boils ; he drank the foaming bowl : 
and by the latter this is my body and this is my blood. — 
The fourth kind of Metonymy is when the adjunct is put 
for the subject. It is a Metonymy of the adjunct when the 
thing contained is put for that which contains it, and when 
the sign is put for the thing signified. By the former kind 
Virgil says they lie down upon purple, that is upon couch- 
es dyed with purple : And again, they crown the wine,, 
meaning the bowl which contained the wine ; and by the 
latter, to assume the sceptre, is a phrase for entering on roy- 
al authority. So Virgil describing the temple of Juno at 
Carthage, in which the actions of the Trojan war were re- 
presented, and the images of the heroes, he makes ^Eneas, 
upon discovering that of Priam among the rest, cry out : 
Lo here is Priam ! 

3. A thing may be considered as a whole in three differ- 

Term translated. 
3. Comprehension. 



xLocuTioir. 35 

EXAMPLES. 

ent respects ; which logicians call an universal, essential, 
and integral whole ; hence arise six species or sorts of Sy- 
necdoche. 

By the first of these, the genus is put for the species. 
Thus, when our Saviour delegated his Apostles to preach 
the gospel to every creature, his meaning was to every ra- 
tional creature. The second is, when the species is put 
for the genus : as, wine destroys more than the sword, 
that is, than any hostile arms. And the legal form of ba- 
nishment among the Romans was to prohibit persons the 
use of fire and water : that is, the most common and ordi- 
nary necessaries of life, in which all others were included. 
The third is, when the essential whole is put for one of its 
parts. Thus, in the Evangelist, Mary Magdalen says : 
"they have taken away my Lord, and I know not where 
they have laid him;" meaning his body. The fourth is, 
when the name of one of the constituent parts is put for 
the whole essence : as, " the soul that sinneth it shall die ;" 
and " all the souls that came with Jacob into Egypt were 
three score and six." So we imitate the Latins in using 
the word caput or head, to denote either a person or thing. 

For, as with them lepidum caput, so with us a witty 
head, signifies the same as a man of wit. The fifth is, when 
the whole of any material thing or quantity, whether con- 
tinued or discrete, is put for a part of it. Thus Cicero 
says : " A war is kindled through the whole world," in 
compliment to his country, he calls the Roman empire the 
world. So St. Luke : There went out a decree from Caesar 
Augustus, that all the world should be taxed. And our Sa- 
viour, using this trope, said he should be three days and 
thee nights in the heart of the earth ; meaning part of the 
•first and third day, and all the second day ; and by this 
Tvind of Synecdoche the plural number is sometimes put 
for the singular. Thus St. Matthew says, the thieves who 
were crucified with our Saviour reviled him : though it is 
manifest from St. Luke that only one of them acted in that 
manner. By the sixth kind of Synecdoche a part of any 
material thing or quantity is put for the whole. Accord- 
ingly, some ancient writers when they speak of the Grecian 



36 ELEMENTS Of RHETORIC. 

An Irony, dissembling with an air, 4 

Thinks otherwise than what the words declare. 

How many Secondary Tropes are there 1 

EXAMPLES. 

Armada which sailed against Troy, call it a fleet of a thou- 
sand ships; although, according to Homer's list, it contain- 
ed 1186. In like manner, the Greek interpreters of the 
Old Testament, are commonly called the Seventy; whereas, 
in reality, they were seventy-two. 

4. Quintilian says that " an Irony my be understood by 
the tone of the voice, character of the person, or nature of 
the thing." Thus the Irony is very plain from the man- 
ner of pronunciation in that passage of Terence, where Si- 
mo, speaking to his servant, says by way of reproof for his 
negligence : " You have taken great care indeed." Cicero 
addressing Cataline says he went to your companion, that 
excellent man, Marcus Marcellus. And when he begins 
his oration for Ligarius by saying, Caesar this is a new 
crime, and never heard of till now : the thing he is speak- 
ing of shows it to be an Irony ; for it was not new, as all 
who were present very well understood. 

Ironies are sometimes applied by way of jest and raille- 
ry, as when Cicero says of the person against whom he 
was pleading : " We have much reason to believe that the 
modest man would not ask him for his debt when he 
pursues his life." At other times by way of insult and 
dirision. Thus when Cicero would represent the forces 
of Cataline as mean and contemptible he says , " O terri- 
ble war, where Cataline's praetorian guard consists of such 
a dissolute, effeminate crew ! Against these gallant troops 
of your adversary, prepare, O Romans, your garrisons and 
armies. 

The subjects of Irony are vices and follies of all kinds, 
and this mode of exposing them, is often more effectual 
than serious reasoning. The gravest persons have not de- 
nied the use of this trope, on proper occasions. The wise 
and virtuous Socrates used it so frequently, in his endea- 

Term translated. 
4. Dissimulation. 



ELOCUTION. 37 

Fourteen ; Sarcasmus, Diasyrmus, Charientismus, Jlste- 
xsmus, Catachresis, Hyperbole, Metalepsis, Allegory, Paros- 
mia, JEnigma, Jltonomasia, Litotes, Onomatopxia, and Jlnti- 
phrasis. 

Define and exemplify the secondary Tropes ? 

Sarcasmus with a bitter jeer doth kill, 5 

And ev'ry word with strongest venom fill. 

A Diasyrmus must ill-nature show 6 

And ne'er omit to insult a living foe. 

Charientismus, when it speaks, doth choose 7 

The softer for the harsher words to use. 

EXAMPLES. 

vours to discountenance vicious and foolish practices that 
he was designated by the appellation of vgav or the ironi- 
cal philosopher. Even in the sacred writings we have nu- 
merous examples of it. The prophet Elijah, when he 
challenged the priests of Baal to prove the truth of their 
deity, " mocked them and said : cry aloud for he is a god ; 
either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, 
or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked." See 
Matth. xxvi. 50. Gen. in. 22. 2 Sam. vi. 20. Job. xn. 2. 
Matth. xxvi. 45. 

5.Tomyris, queen of Scythia, having taken Cyrus prison- 
er, cut off his head and threw it into a vessel, full of human 
blood, saying, " Now, Cyrus, satiate yourself with blood." 
So in St. Matthew : " Hail, King of the Jews !" See also 
Psalms cxxxvn. 3. Mark xv. 31. 32. 

6. Turnus thus addresses Drances in the eleventh book 
of Virgil's ^Eneid : "Whereof thunder on in noisy elo- 
quence, as you are wont, and arraign me of cowardice, 
thou valiant Drances, since thy right-hand hath raised so 
many heaps of slaughtered Trojans, and every where thou 
deckest the fields with trophies." 

7. Davus, in thtf Andria of Terence, Act i. Sc. 2., says: 
Softly, Sir, softly I beseech you. And Virgil ; Be not in- 
censed, great priest. 

Terms translated. 

5. A bitter taunt. 6. Detraction. 7. Softening. 
5 



38 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

dstcismus loves to jest with strokes of wit, 8 
And slily with the point of satire hit.* 
A Caieckresis words too far doth strain 9 
Rather from such abuse of speech refrain. 
Hyperbole soars high or creeps too low; 10 
Exceeds the truth, things wonderful to show.f 

EXAMPLES. 

8. Virgil says, " Who hates not Bavius' verse, may 
love thine, O Maevius : and the same fool may join foxes in 
the yoke, and milk he goats." 

9. This trope is chiefly used by poets, who make choice 
of it for novelty or boldness. Thus Milton, describing the 
descent of the angel Raphael from heaven, says : 

Down thither prone in flight 
He speeds, and, through the vast ethereal sky, 
Sails between w r orlds and worlds. 
And Virgil says, that the Greeks wearied by the length 
of the siege of Troy, 

An horse erect 
Of mountain bulk, by Pallas' art divine. 
So Homer : 

Phemius ! let acts of gods and heroes old, 
What ancient bards in hall and bow'r have told 
Attemper'd to the lyre, your voice employ, 
Such the pleased ear will drink with silent joy. 
It is sometimes found, however, in the gravest authors, 
and even in the sacred writings : as, " Thou didst drink the 
pure blood of the grape ;" u . And I turned to see the voice 
that spake with me." See Hosea iv. 8. Psal. cxxxvu. 5. 
Jer. xlvi. 10. 

10. Quintilian defines Hyperbole " an exaggeration sur- 

Terms translated. 
8. Civility. 9. Abuse. 10. Excess. 

* Holmes says that Sarcasmus, Diasyrmus, Charientismus, 
and Asteismus, may be referred to an Irony. 

t The excess in this trope is called rfuzesis, and the contrary 
extreme Meiosis. 



ELOCUTION. 3» 

By Metalepsis, in one word combin'd 1 1 
More tropes than one you easily may find.* 

EXAMPLES. 

passing truth, which may be equally proper for augmenta- 
tion and diminution.'* 

Longinus says, " Hyperboles equally serve two pur- 
poses ; they enlarge and they lessen. Stretching any thing 
beyond its natural size is the property of both." 

" I saw their chief," says the scout of Ossian, " tall as 
a rock of ice; his spear the blasted fir; his shield the ris- 
ing moon : he sat on the shore, like a cloud of mist on the 
hill." 

So Cassius speaks invidiously of Caesar, in order to 
raise the indignation of Brutus : 

Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world 
Like a Colossus, and we petty men 
Walk under his huge legs, and peep about 
To find ourselves dishonourable graves. 
Pope says : 

Milton's strong pinions now at Heav'n can bound, 
Now serpent like in prose he sweeps the ground. 
And Virgil : 

On each side mighty rocks ; above the rest 
Two threaten heaven. 
Herodotus has used Hyperbole, concerning those warri- 
ors who fell at Thermopylae : " In this place they defend- 
ed themselves with the weapons that were left, and with 
their hands and teeth, till they were buried under the ar- 
rows of barbarians." 

Although Hyperboles should, in most cases, exhibit an 
air of probability, yet Longinus says that " in comedy, 
circumstances wholly absurd and incredible pass off very 
well, because they answer their end, and raise a laugh. — 
As in this passage :" ' He was owner of a piece of ground 
not so large as a Lacedemonian letter.' See Job xxxix.19. 2. 
Sam. i. 23. Deut. ix, 1. 

11. During the civil war between Sylla and Marius, 

Tfrms trnnsl.itP''. 

11. Participation, or Transumption. 
* Tropus rarrissimus et maxime improprius. Quint. Inst. 
Lib. viii. 



40 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

An Allegory tropes continues still,* 12 
Which with new graces every sentence fill. 

EXAMPLES. 

Sylla, observing the boundless ambition of Julius Cesar, 
said : " In one Caesar there are many Mariuses." In this 
expression there is a Metalepsis : for the word Marius, by 
Synecdoche, or Antonomasia, is put for any ambitious or 
turbulent person, and this again by a Metonymy of the 
cause for the effects of such a pernicious disposition to the 
state. Sylla's meaning therefore was that Caesar would 
prove a very dangerous person to the Roman people, which 
eventually proved true. 

The following words of Dido, in Virgil, contain a Meta- 
lepsis : 

Happy, ah truly happy, had I been, 

If Trojan ships our coasts had never seen. 

Here, by a Metonymy of the Adjunct, the ships are put 
for the Trojans in the ships ; and these, by a Synecdoehe 
of the whole, for iEneas, who was one of them ; and again 
his arriving on the coast, by a Metonymy of the cause, for 
her seeing him ; and lastly, her seeing him, by the same 
trope, for the passion she entertained for him. Her mean- 
ing therefore was, that, she would have been happy, had 
she never loved JSneas. 

12. As a Metalepsis comprises several tropes in one 
word, so this is a continuation of several tropes in one or 
more sentences. Allegories are of two kinds ; pure and 
mixed. The fourteenth ode of the first book of Horace, in 
which, by a ship, he means the commonwealth ; by the 
agitations of stormy seas, civil wars ; and by a harbour, 
peace and concord, may be an example of the former kind. 
And Cicero says, " I am surprised at, and even pity that 
man, who has so hankering a desire after calumny, that 
rather than refrain from it, he chooses to sink the vessel in 
which he sails." But the mixed Allegory is more fre- 

Tptt>s irnne'ated. 

12 Speaking differently from meandng. 
* To the Allegory may be referred all apologues, such as iEsop's 
Fables, the Parables of Scripture, and the Song of Solomon. Pa 
rsemia and ./Enigma are also species of allegory. 



ELOCUTION. 41 

JEnigma, In dark words the sense, conceals ; 13 
But that, once known, a riddling- speech reveals. 
Parsemia by a proverb tries to teach 14 
A short, instructing-, and a nervous speech. 
Antonomasia proper names imparts, 15 
From kindred, country, epithets or arts. 

EXAMPLES. 

quently used. Thus Cicero says : " As for other storms 
and tempests, I always believed Milo had no occasion to 
be apprehensive of any, except amidst those boisterous 
waves of the assemblies of the people." If he had not 
added " the assemblies of the people," it would have been 
a pure Allegory; but by adding those words, it became 
mixed, anrf in that manner it receives beauty from the bor- 
rowed words, and perspicuity from the proper. See. Eccles. 
xu. 5 — 6. Psal. lxxx. 8 — 14. Job. xxix. 6. 

13. Quintilian says " when the Allegory is involved in 
obscurity it becomes an senigma, which I must think indeed 
to be a vice, and for no other reason, than because perspi- 
cuity is a perfection. Poets, however, use it :" as, Tell me 
(and you shall be my great Apollo) where heaven's circuit 
extends not farther than three ells. See (Jen. xl. and xli. 
Dan. iv. 10, 11, &c. Judg. xiv. 14. Isai. xi. 1, 2, &c. 

14. " You wash the blackmoor white;" that is, you la- 
bour in vain. So in Terence : " I have a wolf by the ears ;" 
that is, I know not which way to turn me. And in the 
prophet Ezekiel: As is the mother, so is her daughter. 

15. Quintilian says, " the Antomasia is a trope which 
puts an equivalent in the place of a name." Thus Virgil, 
by using an attribute characteristic of Jupiter, says : 

The sire of Gods and king of men. 

And Longinus, alluding to Homer, says ; ** Among a 
thousand instances, we may see, from what the poet ha3 
said, with so much boldness, of the Aloides." 

On the contrary it is used when a proper name is put 
for a general term : and when we call a great warrior, an 

TVmo transited. 

13 A Riddle. 14 A Proverb. 15 For a name. 
5* 



42 ELEMENTS Of RIIBTORIC. 

Litotes doth more sense than word include, 1(7 
And often by two negatives have stood. 
Onomatopoeia coins a word from sound, 17 
By which alone the meaning- may be found. 

EXAMPLES. 

Alexander ; a great orator, a Demosthenes ,- and a great pat- 
ron of learned men, a Maecenas. Antonomasia may also* 
be used when we intend to convey a lively image to the- 
mind. So Milton : 

O'er many a frozen, many a fiery Mp* 
See John xt. 28. Matth. ix. 6. 

16. In the Andria of Terence, Act ii. Sc. 6. Davus says r 
"I don't approve it," that is, / censure it. And in the 
seventh book of Virgil's ^Eneid, Latinus thus addresses 
llioneus : " Trojan, what you demand shall be given : nor 
do I reject your presents ;" that is, I willingly receive them,. 
And the Apostle says : But with many of them God was 
not well pleased ;■ for they were overthrown in the wilder- 
ness. See also Psalm li. 17. Matth. n. 6. Psalm ix. 12. 

17. Quintilian says, "there have been many words in- 
vented by the first authors of our language, in order to 
adapt sounds to the natures of the affections they desired 
to express ; and hence we may account for the origin of 
the words, to bellow, to hiss, and to murmur." The fol- 
lowing example occurs in Homer : 

And when the horn was rounded to an arch, 

He twanged it : Whizzed the bowstring, and the reed 5 

With full impatienee started to the goal. 

Hamlet thus censures the violent and unnatural gesture 
of some actors : " I would have such a fellow whipped for 
out-doing Termagant : it out-kcrods Herod.'' 1 And Swift 
expresses himself in the following manner, relative to* 
Blackmore, the author of a translation of the Psalms into* 
English verse r 

Sternhold himself he out-sternholded'. 

TVrme Translated, 

16 A Lessening,. 17 Coining a word from the sound. 



ELOCUTION. 



43 



Antiphrasis makes words to disagree 18 

From sense ; if rightly they derived" be- 
What is a Figure 1 

A figure is that language which is suggested either by 
the imagination or the passions. 

What is the difference between Tropes and Figures ? 

Tropes affect only single words ; Figures, whole sen- 
tences. 

How are the principal figures usually divided ? 

Into Repetitions of Sounds, and Figures of Sentences, 

What are Repetitions of Sounds 1 

They are such as gracefully repeat either the same word 
or the same sound in different words. 

How many Repetitions are there 1 

Fifteen : Anaphora, Epistro'phe, Symploce, Epanalepsis^ 
Epanodos, JLnadiphsis, Epizeuxis, Ploce, Polyptoton, Anta- 
naclasis, Paronomasia Paregmenon, Homoioieleuton, Climax^ 
and Synonymy. 

Define and exemplify the Repetitions of Sounds. 

Anaphora gives more sentences one head ; 19 

As readily appears to those who read. 

EXAMPLES. 

18. Thus Lucus, from Lux, light, signifies a dark shady 
grove ; Bellum, from Bellum, fine or pretty, signifies war \ 
and Parcese, from parco to spare, signifies fate ; because 
fate spares none. 

19. Cicero uses this figure in his first oration against 
Cataline : "Does neither the night guard of the palace, nor 
the city watch, nor the people's fear nor the union of all 
good men, nor the meeting of the Senate in this fortified 
place, nor the countenances and looks of this assembly 
move you ?" 

And Virgil, in hLs tenth Eclogue, says : 

Here cooling fountains roll through flow'ry meads ; 
Here woods, Lycoris, lift their verdant heads ; 

Terms translate'. 

18 Contrary word. 19 RehearsaL 



44 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

Epistrophc more sentences doth close 20 
With the same words,whether in verse or prose. 
Symploce joins these figures both together, 21 
And fnm bothjoin'd makes up itself another. 

EXAMPLES. 

Here could I wear my careless life away, 

And in thy arms insensibly decay. 
Another beautiful instance of this figure occurs in the la- 
mentation of Orpheus forEurydice, in Virgil's fourth Geor- 
gic: 

Thee, his loved wife, along the lonely shores ; 

Thee, his loved wife, his mournful song deplores ; 

Thee, when the rising morning gives the light, 

Thee, when the world was overspread with night. 
In the book of Psalms, David says : The voice of the Lord 
is upon the waters : The voice of the Lord is powerful ; the 
voice of the Lord breaketh the cedars of Lebanon. See also 
Jer. viii. 2. 1 Cor. i. 20. Psal. cxvm. 8, 9. Rom. vm. 38. 
Jer. l. 35, 36, 37. 

20. There is scarcely a more beautiful instance of this 
figure, than in Cicero's second oration against Antony. — 
" You mourn, O Romans ! that three of your armies have 
been slaughtered — they were slaughtered by Antony : you 
lament the loss of your most illustrious citizens — they were 
torn from you by Antony : the authority of this order is 
deeply wounded — it is wounded by Antony : in fine, all 
the calamities we have ever since beheld (and what cala-* 
mities have we not beheld 1) if we reason rightly, have 
been entirely owing to Antony. As Helen was of Troy, 
so the bane, the misery, the destruction of this state — is 
Antony." 

And St. Paul says : " When I was a child, I spake as a 
child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child." See also 
Psal. cxv. 9, 10, 11. Matth. vii. 23. Joel ii. 26, 27. Amos 
iv. 6, 8. 

21. Cicero, in his oration for Milo, says : " Who requir- 

Term« tmnslatert. 

20. A turning to. 21. Complication, or Connexion. 



ELOCUTION. 45 

Epanalepsis words doth recommend, 22 
t The same at the beginning and the end. 
By Epanodos a sentence shifts its place ; 23 
Takes first and last and also middle sjjace. 

EXAMPLES. 

ed these witnesses 1 Appius. Who produced them *? Appius. 
And in another place : " Who was the author of the law? 
JRullus. Who deprived a majority of the people of their 
suffrages 1 Rnllus. Who presided at the elections % Rul- 
lus." And again : " Who often broke their treaties ? The 
Carthaginians. Who waged a cruel war in Italy 1 The 
Carthaginians. Who laid waste Italy 1 The Carthaginians. 
Who sue for pardon T The Carthaginians.'''' 

A beautiful example of this figure occurs in St. Paul, 
when he says : " Are they Hebrews 1 So am I. Are they 
Israelites ? So am I. Are they the seed of Abraham ? So 
am /.." See also Psal. xlvii. 6. Psal. cxviii: 2, 3, 4. 
cxxxvi. 1, 2, 3. Rom. xiv. 8. 

22. Quintilian gives the following example of this figure : 
from Cicero : " Many and terrible punishments were 
invented for parents, and for relations, many.'*'' And Ci- 
cero addressing Caesav, in his oration for Marcellus, says: 
" We have seen your victory terminated by the war : your 
drawn sword in the city we have not seen." St. Paul also 
uses this figure when he says : " Rejoice in the Lord alway: 
and again I say, rejoice." See 1 Cor. iii. 21, 22. Psal. 
viii. 1, 9. 

23. Minutius Felix, exposing the absurdity of the Egyp- 
tian superstition^ says : " Isis, with Cynocephalus,and her 
priests, laments, bemoans, and seeks her lost son ; her 
attendants beat their breasts, and imitate the grief of the 
unhappy mother; in a little time the son is found, upon 
which they all rejoice. Nor do they cease every year 
to lose what they find, or find what they lose. And is it 
not ridiculous to lament what you worship, or worship 
what you lament?" 

Terms Translated. 
22. Repetition. 23. A Regression. 



46 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

.Qnadiplosis ends the former line, 24 
With what the next does for its first design. 
An Epizeuxis twice a word repeats 25 
Whate'er the subject be whereon it treats. 

EXAMPLES. 

Another example of this figure occurs in the eighth 
Eclogue of Virgil, which is thus translated by Smith : 

Whether the worst 1 the child accurst, 

Or else the cruel mother ] 
The mother worst, the child accurst; 

As bad the one as the other. 

The following beautiful example is from the book of 
Judges : " The river of Kishon swept them away, that an- 
dent river , the river Kishon." See also Ezek. vii. 6. Rom. 
vii. 19. John viii. 47. 2 Thess. ii. 4. Ezek. xxxv. 6. 

24. Cicero, in his first oration against Cataline, says : 
" He lives ,- lives ! did I say 1 he even comes into the Se- 
nate." And in the same oration : " As long as there is one 
who dares to defend thee, thou shalt live : and live so as 
thou now dost, surrounded by the numerous and powerful 
guards which I have placed about thee." So in the tenth 
Eclogue of Virgil : "These you will make acceptable to 
Gallus ; to Gallus, for whom my love grows as much every 
hour, as the green alder shoots up in the infancy of spring." 
And in the book of Deuteronomy : " For the Lord thy God 
bringeth thee into a good land ; z.land of brooks of water." 
See also Rom. viii. 16, 17. Isa. xxx. 9. Psal. xlviii. 8. 
Psal. cxxii. 2, 3. Luke vii. 31, 32. 

25. Cicero, expressing his extreme indignation against 
Antony, as the promoter of the civil war, says ; "You, you 
Antony, pushed Caesar upon the civil war." And in Vir- 
gil : "Ah ! Corydon, Corydon, what frenzy has possessed 
you." So in Matt, xxiii. 37 : " O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 
thou that killest the prophets," &c. See also Isa. Ii. 9- 
2 Sam. xviii. 33. 

Term9 translated. 

24. Reduplication. 25. A joining together. 



ELOCUTION. 47 

By Ploce we a proper name repeat ; 26 
Yet as a common noun the latter treat. 
. A Polyptoton still the same word places, 27 
If sense require it, in two diff'rent places. 
Jintanaclasis in one sound contains 28 
More meanings ; which the various sense explains. 

EXAMPLES. 

26. Milton, affords an instance of this figure, in the ninth 
book of Paradise Lost : 

Frail is our happiness, if this be so, 

And Eden were no Eden (i. e. pleasure) thus exposed. 

Another example occurs in the book of Genesis : " Is 
not he rightly named Jacob ? (i. e. a supplanter,) for he hath 
supplanted me these two times." And Cicero says : 
44 Young Cato wants experience, but yet he is Cato ,•" 
meaning that he possessed the inflexible integrity of the 
family. So the proverb : 44 An ape is an ape dress it ever 
so fine." 

27. Cicero, in his oration for Caelius, says : 44 We will 
contend with arguments, we will refute accusations by 
evidences brighter than light itself: fact shall engage with 
fact, cause with cause, reason with reason." And Virgil, 
describing the battle between the Trojan and Latin armies, 
says : 44 Foot to foot is fixed, and man to man is closely 
joined." So in the following passage from Romans: "For 
of him, and through him, and to him are all things." See 
Dan. ii. 37. John iii. 13. 

28. When Proculeius complained that his son wished 
for his death ; the son, to clear himself of suspicion, as- 
sured him that he did not wait for it. His father replied, 
I desire you to wait for it. Here it is obvious that 
the word wait is taken in two different senses. So in 
St. Matthew : 44 But Jesus said unto him, follow me ; and 
let the dead bury their dead.'''' In the one clause of this 
verse, dead denotes a moral or spiritual death, and in the 
other a natural death. See Matth. x. 39. John iv. 13, 14. 
Matth. xxvi. 29. Isa. lix. 18. 

Tprms translated. 

26. Continuation. 27. Variation of case. 28. A Reciprocation. 



48 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

Paronomasia to the sense alludes, 29 
When words but little varied it includes. 
Faregmenon derived from one recites 30 
More words, and in one sentence them unites. 
Homoioteleuton makes the measure chime, 31 
With like sounds, in the end of fettered rhyme. 
Climax by gradation still ascends, 32 
Until the sense with finished period ends. 

EXAMPLES. 

29. The following 1 are examples of this figure : "Friends 
are turned^mrfs ;" " After a feast comes a fast ;" " A friend 
in need is a friend indeed ." And Cicero, in the second 
book of de Oratore, says that Cato called the nobility mobi- 
lity." This figure frequently occurs in the sacred writings. 
Thus St. Paul says : " For though we walk in the flesh, 
we do not war after the flesh." And in another place : 
"As unknown and yet well known." 

30. Cicero, in his Essay on Friendship, says : " In the 
present performance, it is a friend explaining to a friend 
his notions concerning friendship.''' 1 So in the book of 
Daniel : " He giveth wisdom unto the wise, and knowledge to 
them that know understanding." See 1 Cor. xv. 47. Prov. 
xi. 15, 25. 

31. The mountains skipped like rams, and the little hills 
like lambs. 

32. There is great strength as well as beauty in this 
figure, when the several steps rise naturally out of each 
other, and are closely connected by the sense which they 
jointly convey. This mutual relation of parts we may 
perceive in the following example : " There is no enjoy- 
ment of property without government, no government with- 
out a magistrate, no magistrate without obedience, and no 
obedience where every one acts as he pleases." In the 
same manner, when Cicero is pleading for Milo, he says : 
u Nor did he commit himself only to the people, but also 

Terms t-Tis'aterf. 
29. Likeness of words. 30. Derived from the same. 31. Alika 
ending. 32. A ladder. 



ELOCUTION. 49 

Synonymy doth diff 'rent words prepare, 33 
Yet each of them one meaning doth declare. 

How are figures of sentences divided 1 
Into figures for reasoning, and figures for moving the 
passion s. 

How many figures for reasoning are there 1 
Seven ; Erotesis, Prolepsis, Epitrope, Anacoenosis, Anti- 
thesis, Oxymoron and JLporia, 

EXAMPLES. 

to the Senate ; nor to the Senate only, but likewise to the 
public forces; nor to these only, but also to the power of 
him with whom the Senate had entrusted the whole com- 
monwealth." And, in another place, he says : " What 
hope is there remaining of liberty, if whatever is their 
pleasure, it is lawful for them to do; if what is lawful for 
them to do, they are able to do ; if what they are able to 
do, they dare do ; if what they dare do, they really exe- 
cute ; and if what they execute, is no way offensive to 
your' See Rom. v. 3, 5. 2 Pet. i. 5. 7 Rom. viii. 29, 
30, 38, 39. 1 Cor.iii. 21, 23. 

33. As there are scarcely two words, in any language, 
that convey precisely the same idea, the use of this figure 
is so far extended as to comprehend words of a near affinity 
in their signification. Thus Cicero, speaking of Piso, says: 
" His whole countenance, which is the tacit language of 
the mind, has drawn men into a mistake, and deceived, 
cheated, and imposed on those who did not know him." 
And Ilioneus, in his speech to Dido, thus speaks relative 
to^Eneas: "Whom if the fates preserve, if he s1 ill 
breathes the vital air, and does not yet rest tuith the ruth- 
less shades. 1 '' The following beautiful example is from the 
nineteenth chapter of Isaiah: "The Fishers also shall 
mourn, and all they that cast angles into the brooks shall 
lament, and they that spread nets upon the waters shall lan- 
guish." See Prov. iv. 14, 15. 

Term translated. 
33 Partaking together of a name. 
6 



30 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

Define and exemplify the figures for reasoning T 
By Erotesis, what we know, we ask, 34 
Prescribing to ourselves a needless task. 
Prolepsis your objection doth prevent, 35 
With answers suitable and pertinent. 

EXAMPLES. 

34. Demosthenes thus addresses the Athenians : "Would 
you go about the city, and demand what news ] what 
greater news can there be, than that a Macedonian enslaves 
the Athenians, and disposes of the affairs of Greece ? Is 
Philip dead ? No : but he is sick. And what advantage would 
accrue to you from his death ? For, if any thing happens to 
this Philip, you will immediately raise up another." Ger- 
manicus thus reproaches his mutinous soldiers : "What is 
there in these days that you have not attempted ? What have 
you not profaned] What name shall I give to this assembly? 
Shall I call you soldiers? You, who have besieged with your 
arms, and surrounded with a trench, the son of your em- 
peror ? Shall I call you citizens ? You, who have so 
shamefully trampled upon the authority of the Senate? 
You, who have violated the justice due to enemies, the 
sanctity of embassy, and the rights of nations?" Balaam 
thus expresses himself to Balak : " The Lord is not a man, 
that he should lie, neither the son of man, that he should 
repent. Hath he said, and shall he not do it? or, hath he 
spoken, and shall he not make it good ?" See Job viii. 3. 
Psal. lxxvii. 7—9. 

35. Cicero, for several years after he began to plead, had 
employed his eloquence only in defence of his friends. 
And, therefore, when the Sicilians prevailed with him to 
manage the prosecution against Verres, he begins his ora- 
tion with, this Prolepsis : " If any one present should won- 
der, that I whose practice for so many years, in causes and 
publ-ic trials, has been such as to defend many, and accuse 
none: now suddenly change my custom, and descend to 
the office of an accuser; when he shall have heard the oc- 
casion and reason of my design, he will both approve it, 

Terms translated- 
34 Interrogation. 35 Prevention. 



ELOCUTION. 51 

Epitrope gives leave and facts permits, 36 
Whether it speaks sincere or counterfeits. 

EXAMPLES. 

and think that I deserve the preference to all others, in the 
management of the present affair." And then he proceeds 
to enumerate the reasons which induced him to adopt this 
determination. 

We have a beautiful instance of this figure in Cato: 
" But, grant that others can with equal gloTy, 
Look down on pleasures and the bait of sense, 
Where shall we find the man that bears affliction, J 
Great and majestic in his ills, like Cato V 

And St. Paul says : " But some man will say, how are 
the dead raised up 1 and with what body do they come 1 
Thou fool ! that which thou sowest is not quickened, ex- 
cept it die." See Mafh. xv. 26, 27. 1 Kings xviii. 17, 18. 

36. Cicero, pleading for Flaccus, in order to invalidate 
the testimony of the Greeks, who were witnesses against 
his client, allows them every quality but that which was 
necessary to make them credited. " This, however, I say 
concerning all the Greeks : — I grant them learning, the 
knowledge of many sciences ; I do not deny that they have 
wit, fine genius, and eloquence : nay, if they lay claim to 
many other excellencies, I shall not contest their title : but 
this I must say, that nation never paid a proper regard to 
the religious sanctity of public evidence ; and are total 
strangers to the obligation, authority, and importance of 
truth." Nothing more confounds an adversary, than to 
grant him his whole argument, and at the same time either 
to show that it is nothing to the purpose, or to offer some- 
thing else that may invalidate it, as in the following ex- 
ample : " I allow that nobody was more nearly related to 
the deceased than you ; I grant that he was under some 
obligations to you ; nay, that you have always been in 
friendly correspondence with each other : but what is all 
this to the last will and testament V 9 Another example of 

Term translated. 
36 Permission. 



ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC 



.flnaccei7osis tries another's mind, 37 
The better counsel of a friend to find. 
Antithesis doth change a syllable or letter, 38 
Or holds up contrasts as men think better.* 



EXAMPLES. 



this figure occurs in the eleventh chapter of Romans - 
" Thou wilt say then, the branches were broken off, that 
I might be grafted in. Well ; because of unbelief they 
were broken off; and thou standest by faith. Be not high- 
minded, but fear." 

37. Cicero, thus appeals to Piso, in his oration for Cae- 
cina : " Suppose, Piso, that any person had driven you 
from your house by violence, how would you have be- 
haved V A similar appeal he makes use of in his oration 
for Rabirius : " But what could you have done in such a 
case, and at such a juncture ? — when to have sat still, or 
to have withdrawn, would have been cowardice ; when the 
wickedness and fury of Saturnnius had sent for you into 
the capital, and the Consuls had called yon to protect the 
safety and liberty of your country ? whose authority, whose 
roice, which party would you have followed ? and whose 
orders would you have chosen to obey?" So the prophet 
Malachi : " A son honoureth his father, and a servant his 
master. If I then be a father, where is mine honour 1 and 
if I be a master, where is my fear." See Isai. v. 3, 4. Jer. 
xxiii. 23. Lukexi. 19. 1 Cor. iv. 21. Gal. iv. 21. 

38. The following examples will illustrate this figure: 
-' Tho' deep, yet. clear ; tho' gentle, yet not dull ; 

Strong, without rage ; without o'erflowing, full." 
" If Cato may be censured, severely indeed, but justly, 
for abandoning the cause of liberty, which he would not, 
however, survive ; what shall we say of those, who em- 
brace it faintly, pursue it irresolutely, grow tired of it 
when they have much to hope, and give it up when they 
have nothing to fear." 

" For the wages of sin is death : but the gift of God is 
eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord." 

Terms translated. 
37 Communication. 38 Opposition. 

* For Antithesis, as a grammatical figure > see distich, 77. 



ELOCUTION. 



In Oxymoron contradictions meet, 39 
And jarring epithets and subjects greet. 
Aporia, in words and actions, doubts ; 40 
And with itself, what may be best, disputes. 



EXAMPLES. 



39. Cicero, in his first oration against Cataline, says : 
" But with regard to you, Cataline, the silence of the Se- 
nate declares their approbation, their acquiescence amounts 
to a decree, and by saying nothing, they proclaim their 
consent." And Ovid says of Althea, that she was impiously 
pious. In like manner Cato said of Scipio Africanus, that 
" he was never less at leisure, than when he was at lei- 
sure ; nor less alone, than when alone." And St. Paul 
says: "But she, that liveth in pleasure, is dead while 
she liveth. 

40. Cicero, in his defence of Cluentius, says : " I know 
not which way to turn myself. Shall I deny the infamy 
thrown upon him of bribing the judges 1 can I say the 
people were not told of it ? that it was not talked of in 
the court] mentioned in the Senate 1 ? can I remove an 
opinion so deeply and long rooted in the minds of men? 
It is not in my power. You, judges, must support his in- 
nocence, and rescue him from this calamity." Livy gives 
a very elegant example of this figure, in a speech of Scipio 
Africanus to his soldiers after a sedition : ** I never thought 
I should have been at a loss in what manner to address my 
army. Not that I have applied myself more to words than 
things ; but because I have been accustomed to the genius 
of soldiers, having been trained up in the camp almost from 
my childhood. But I am in doubt what or how to speak 
to you, not knowing what name to give you. Shall I call 
you citizens, who have revolted from your country? Sol- 
diers, who have disowned the authority of your general, 
and broken your military oath 1 Enemies ? I perceive the 
mien, the aspect, and habit of citizens ; but discern the 
actions, words, designs, and dispositions of enemies." 

An excellent example of Aporia is in the cxxxix Psalm: 
*• Whither shall I go from thy spirit ? or whither shall I 

Terms translated. 

39 A witty foolish saying. 40 A doubting. 



51 



ELEMENTS OF RHETOFUC 



How many Figures are there for moving the Passiona % 
Fifteen; Ecphonesis, Enantiosis, Aposiopesis, Paraleipsis, 
Epanorthosis, Anastrophe, Asyndeton, Polysyndeton, Peri- 
phrasis, Hypotyposis, Epiphonema, Enallage, Hyperbaton, 
Apostrophe, and Prosopopscia. 

Define and exemplify the Figures for moving the Pas- 
sions 1 

By Ecphonesis straight the mind is rais'd, 41 
When by a sudden flow of passion seiz'd. 
Enantiosis poiseth diff'rent things, 42 

And words and sense as into balance brings. 

EXAMPLES. 

flee from thy presence ?" See also Phil. i. 22, 23. Lam, 
ii. 13. Rom. vii. 24, 25. 

41. Cicero, in his second Philippic, speaking of Pom- 
pey's house, which Mark Antony had purchased, thus 
addresses him : "Oh consummate impudence ! dare you go 
within those walls 1 dare you venture over that venerable 
threshold, and show your audacious countenance to the 
tutelar deities which reside there V And speaking of his- 
banishment, from which he had been so honourably recall- 
ed, he says ; " Oh mournful day to the senate and all 
good men ! calamitous to the senate, afflictive to me and 
my family ; but to posterity glorious and worthy of admi- 
ration !" And in compliment to Caesar he says : " O ad- 
mirable clemency ! worthy of the greatest praise, the 
highest encomiums, and most lasting monuments !" It is 
frequently used by the sacred writers : as, " O that I had 
the wings of a dove, that I might flee away and be at rest !" 
And again: "O death, where is thy sting! O grave, where 
is thy victory !" So in St. Matthew : " My God ! my God! 
why hast thou forsaken me V 

42. Cicero opposing the conduct of Verres, when govern- 
or of Sicily, to that of Marcellus, who took Syracuse, the 
capital of that island, says : " Compare this peace, with 
that war ; the arrival of this governor, with the victory of 

Terms translated. 

41 Exclamation. 42 Contrariety. 



ELOCUTION. 55 

Aposiopesis leaves imperfect sense ; 43 
Yet such a silent pause speaks eloquence. 
A Paraleipsis cries, I leav't behind, 44 
I let it pass ; tho' you the whole may find. 

EXAMPLES. 

that general ; his profligate troops, with the invincible ar- 
my of the other ; the luxury of the former, with the tem- 
perance of the latter : you will say that Syracuse was 
founded by him who took it, and taken by him who held 
it when founded." And in his oration for the Manilian 
law, speaking of Pompey, he says : " He waged more 
wars than others had read : conquered more provinces than 
others had governed : and had been trained up from his 
youth to the art of war ; not by the precepts of others, but 
by his own commands ; not by miscarriages in the field, 
but by victories ; not by campaigns, but by triumphs." 
So in the third chapter of Proverbs : " The wise shall in- 
herit glory, but shame shall be the promotion of fools.''' 

43. The old man .in Terence, when he was jealous that 
his servant obstructed his designs, uses this imperfect, 
but threatening expression : " Whom, if I find." — And 
Neptune, enraged that the winds should presume to agitate 
the sea without his permission, is represented by Virgil as 
addressing them in the following abrupt manner : 

" Whom 1— but first I'll lay the storm." 
And Cicero, in a letter to Cassius, says : " Brutus could 
scarcely support himself at Mutina ; if he is safe, we have 
carried the day; but if — heaven avert the omen ! all must 
have recourse to you." His meaning is, " if Brutus should 
be defeated." So in St. John : " Now is my soul troubled; 
and what shall I say 1 Father, save me from this hour : but, 
for this cause came I unto this hour." See also 1 Kings 
xxi. 7. Psal. vi. 4. Luke xix. 42. 

44. Cicero, in his defence of SextiuS, introduces his 
character in the following manner, with a design of recom- 
mending him to the favour of the judges : " I might say 
many things of his liberality, kindness to his domestics, 

Terms translated. 
43 Suppression, 44 Omission. 



66 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

Epanorthosis doth past words correct, 45 
And, only to enhance, seems to reject. 
Jnastrophe makes words, that first should go, 46 
i The last in place : verse oft, will have it so. 

EXAMPLES. 

his command in the army, and moderation during his of- 
fice in the province ; but the honour of the state presents 
itself to my view, and calling me to it, advises me to omit 
these lesser matters." There is an excellent example of 
this figure in St. Paul's epistle to Philemon : " I, Paul, 
have written it with my own hand ; I will repay it : Al- 
beit, I do not say to thee, how thou owe'st unto me, even 
thine own self besides." 

45. Cicero makes use of this figure in his oration for 
Milo : " Can you be ignorant, among the conversation of 
this city, what laws — if they are to be called laws, and 
not rather the fire brands of Rome, and the plagues of the 
commonwealth — this Clodius designed to fasten and fix 
upon us." Another example occurs in the following pas- 
sage of Cicero, in his defence of Plancius : " For what 
greater blow could those judges — if they are to be called 
judges, and not rather parricides of their country — have 
given to the state, than when they banished that very man, 
who when praetor, delivered the republic from a neigh- 
bouring, and who, when consul", saved it from a civil war ?" 
So in St. Paul's first epistle to the Corinthians : " I la- 
bour more abundantly, than they all : yet not I, but the 
grace of God, which was with me." See Gal. iv. 9. 
Isai. xlix. 15. Luke xi. 27, 28. Rom. viii. 34. 

46. Milton begins his Paradise Lost by a beautiful ex- 
ample of this figure : 

Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit 
Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste 
Brought death into the world, and all our wo, 
With loss of Eden, till one greater man 
Restore us, and regain the blissful seat ; 

Terms translated. 
45 Correction. 46 Inversion. 



ELOCUTION. 57 

| Asyndeton, or, (which the same implies) 47 
Dialyton the cop'lative denies. 

EXAMPLES. 

Sing- heav'nly muse ! that on the sacred top 
Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire 
That shepherd, who first taught the chosen seed, 
In the beginning how the heaven's and earth 
Rose out of Chaos. 
The natural order of the words in this passage would 
have been, Heavenly muse, sing of man's first disobedi- 
ence, &c. 

Another example occurs in the eleventh book of the same 
poem : 

" The angelic blast 
Filled all the regions : from their blissful bow'rs 
Of amaranthine shade, fountain, or spring, 
By the waters of life, where'er they sat 
In fellowship of joy, the sons of light 
Hasted, resorting to the summons high, 
And took their seats." 
The natural order of the words would be, the sons of 
light hasted from their blissful bowers. See Eph. iii. 20, 
21. 

47. Longinus says that " sentences, artfully divested of 
conjunctions, drop smoothly down, and the periods are 
poured along in such a manner, that they seem to outstrip 
the very thought of the speaker." "Then," says Xenophon, 
" closing their shields together, they were pushed, they 
fought, they slew, they were slain." The hurry and dis- 
traction of Dido's spirits, at vEneas's departure, is visible 
from the abrupt and precipitate manner in which she com- 
mands her servants to endeavour to stop him : 
Haste, haul my galleys out ; pursue the foe ; 
Bring flaming brands, set sail and quickly row. 

And St. Paul, in his first epistle to the Corinthians, says: 
" Charity envieth not ; Charity vaunteth not itself, is not 

Term translated. 

47 Omission of a copulative. 



58 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

In Polysyndeton conjunctions flow, 48 
And every word its cop'lative must show. 
Periphrasis of words doth use a train, 49 

Intending one thing only to explain. 

EXAMPLES. 

puffed up, doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh 
not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil." — 
See 1 Tim. iii. 2, 3. Rom. i. 29—31. Rom. iii. 11. 12. 
2 Cor. vi. 4—10. 

48. This figure adds weight and gravity to an expres- 
sion, and makes what is said to appear with an air of so- 
lemnity, and, by retarding the course of the sentence, gives 
the mind an opportunity to consider and reflect upon every 
part distinctly. Thus Demosthenes encourages the Athe- 
nians to prosecute the war against Philip king of Macedon, 
because " they had ships, and men and money and stores 
and all other things which might contribute to the strength 
of the city, in greater number and plenty than in former 
times." A beautiful instance of this figure occurs in the 
eighth chapter of Romans : " For I am persuaded, thatnei'- 
ther death,?zor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, 
nor things present, nor things to come, nor height, nor 
depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us 
from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord." 
See also Acts i. 13. Gal. iv. 10. Psal. xviii. 2. 

49. Longinus says : " For as in music an important 
word is rendered more sweet, by the divisions which are 
run harmoniously upon it: so a Periphrasis sweetens a dis- 
course carried on in propriety of language, and contri- 
butes very much to the ornament of it, especially if there 
be no jarring or discord in it, but every part be judicious- 
ly and musically tempered." Longinus gives the follow- 
ing example of this figure from Plato, in the beginning of 
his funeral oration : " We have now discharged the last 
duties we owe to these our departed friends, who, thus 
provided, make the fatal voyage. They have been conduct- 
ed publicly on their way by the whole body of the city, 

Terms translated. 
48 Many copulatives. 49 Circumlocution. 



ELOCUTION. 59 

Hypotyposis to the eye contracts 50 
Things, places, persons, times, affections, acts. 
Epiphonema makes a final clause, 51 

When narratives and proofs afford a cause. 

EXAMPLES. 

and in a private capacity by their parents and relations." 
Here he calls Death " the fatal voyage," and discharging 
the funeral offices, a public conducting of them by their 
country. And Cicero, in his defence of Milo, instead of 
saying that Milo's slaves had killed Clodius, uses the fol- 
lowing Periphrasis, in order to conceal the horror of the 
murder : " The servants of Milo acted upon this occasion, 
without the orders, without the knowledge, without- the 
presence of their master, as every man would wish his own 
servants should act in like circumstances." So in the first 
book of Kings : " I go the way of all the earth ;" that is, 
I die. See 2 Pet. i. 14. Josh, xxiii. 14. Mark xiv. 25. Job 
xviii. 14. John xxi. 7. 24. 

50. Cicero, in order to prevail with the senate to direct 
the execution of those conspirators with Cataline who 
were then in prison, paints that horrible design in the 
strongest colours : " Methinks I see this city, the light of 
the world, and citadel of all nations, suddenly falling into 
one fire ; I perceive heaps of miserable citizens buried in 
their ruined country ; the countenance and fury of Cethe- 
gus raging in your slaughter, presents itself to my view." 
And in two lines he thus paints the anger of Verres : 
" Inflamed with a mad and wicked intention, he came into 
the forum ; his eyes sparkled with rage, and cruelty ap- 
peared staring- in every feature of his face." See Psal. cvii. 
25—29. Prov. xxiii. 29. Job. xxxix. 19—25. 

51. Virgil, in the first book of his JEneid, says : " De- 
clare, O Muse ! the causes why he suffered, what deity he 
had offended, and why the queen of heaven was provoked 
to doom a man of such distinguished piety to struggle with 
a series of calamities, to encounter so many hardships : 
dwells such resentment in heavenly minds ?" And having, 

Terms translated. 
50 Representation. 51 Acclamation. 



60 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

Enallagt doth alter person, tense, 52 
Mood, gender, number, on the least pretence.* 

EXAMPLES. 

in the same book, described the calamities which ./Eneas 
and his associates suffered previous to their settlement in 
Latium, he says : " So vast a work it was to found the 
Roman state." When Cicero has shown that recourse 
should never be had to force and violence except in cases 
of the greatest necessity, he concludes with the following 
remark : " Thus to think is prudence ; to act, fortitude ; 
both to think and act, perfect and consummate virtue." — ■ 
And having observed, in his Essay on Old Age, that all men 
are solicitous to live to an advanced age, but uneasy under 
it when attained, he says : " So great is their inconstancy, 
folly, and perverseness." So in the book of Psalms : 
"Kiss the son, lest he be angry, and ye perish from the way, 
when his wrath is kindled but a little. Blessed are all they 
that put their trust in him." See also Matth. xxii. 13,14. 
Actsxix. 19, 20. 

52. " Change of persons," says Longinus "has a won- 
derful effect, in setting the very things before our eyes, 
and making the hearer think himself actually present and 
concerned in dangers, when he is only attentive to a re- 
cital of them." So in the fifteenth book of Homer's Iliad : 

No force could vanquish them, thou wouldst have 

thought, 
No toil fatigue, so furiously they fought. 

" When you introduce things past," says Longinus, " as 
actually present, and in the moment of action, you no 
longer relate, but display, the very action before the eyes 
of your readers." Thus Xenophon, in the seventh book 
of his Cyropaedia, says: A soldier falls down under Cy- 
rus's horse, and being trampled under foot, wounds him 
in the belly with his sword. The horse impatient of the 
wound, flings about, and throws off Cyrus. He falls to the 

Term translated. 
52 A change of order. 
* Changes of Gender and Mood do not fall under the province 
•of the English tongue. 



ELOCUTION. <U 

Hyperbaton makes words and sense to run 53 
In order that's disturbed; such rather shun. 
Apostrophe, from greater themes or less, 54 
Doth turn aside, to make a short address. 

EXAMPLES. 

to the ground." Longinus also says that " Plurals reduc- 
ed and contradicted into singulars, have sometimes much 
grandeur and magnificence." Thus Demosthenes in his 
oration on the Crown, says : " Besides, all Peloponnesus 
was at that time rent into factions." Instead of, " all the 
inhabitants of Peloponnesus were at that time, rent into 
factions." A remarkable instance of this figure is in 
Psalm cxxviii. 1,2. " Blessed are all they that fear the 
Lord, and walk in his ways. For thou shalt eat the labour 
of thy hands : happy shalt thou be, and it shall be well 
with thee. See Prov. viii. 3, 4. Luke v. 14. 

53. There is a fine Hyperbaton in the fifth book of Pa- 
radise Lost : 

Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet, 
With charm of earliest birds : pleasant the sun, 
When first on this delightful land he spreads 
His orient beams, on herb, tree, fruit, and flow'r, 
Glist'ring with dew : fragrant the fertile earth 
After soft show'rs : and sweet the coming on 
Of grateful evening mild : then silent night, 
With this her solemn bird, and this fair moon, 
And these the gems of heav'n, her starry train. 
But neither breath of morn, when she ascends, 
With charms of earliest birds : nor herb, fruit, flow'r, 
Glist'ring with dew : nor fragrance after show'rs : 
Nor grateful ev'ning mild : nor silent night, 
With this her solemn bird : nor walk by noon, 
Or glitt'ring starlight, without thee is sweet. 

Another example of this figure is in Ephes. ii. 1, 5. 
•* And you being dead ; even you being dead hath he 
quickened." 

54. Quintilian says, " The discourse, turned from the 

Terms translated. 

53 A passing over. 54 Address, or Turning aside. 

7 



62 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC 

Prosopxia a new person feigns, 55 

And to inanimates speech and reason deigns. 

EXAMPLES. 

judge, and therefore called Apostrophe, is of singular ef- 
ficacy, whether we attack the adversary, as 4 Tubero, 
what was your naked sword doing in the battle of Pharsa- 
lia V " " Or, turn to some invocation, as ' O ye Alban 
monuments and groves !'" ** Or, implore the assistance of 
the laws to make the infractor of them more odious, as 
" O Porcian, and Sempronian laws !' " Demosthenes, in his 
oration on the Crown, says : " But it cannot be 1 No, my 
countrymen ! it cannot be, that you have acted wrong, in en- 
countering danger bravely, for the liberty and safety of all 
Greece. No! I swear by those generous souls of ancient 
times who exposed their lives at Marathon ! By those who 
stood arrayed at Plataea ! By those who encountered the Per- 
sian fleet at Salamis, who fought at Artemisium! By all those 
illustrious sons of Athens, whose remains lie deposited in 
the public monuments !" Ossian abounds with beautiful 
Apostrophes. Thus : " Weep on the rocks of roaring 
winds, O maid of Inistore ! bend thy fair head over the 
waves, thou fairer than the ghost of the hills, when it 
moves in a sunbeam at noon over the the silence of Mor- 
ven ! He is fallen ! thy youth is low ; pale beneath the 
sword of Cuthullin !" Virgil sometimes uses this figure ; 
Nor ParTtheus ! thee, thy mitre, nor the bands 
Of awful Phoebus saved from impious hands. 
And in another place : " Thus he possessed the gold by 
violence. O ! cursed thirst of gold ! what wickedness 
dost thou not influence men's minds to perpetrate ?" So 
in the prophet Hosea : " The wild beast shall tear them. 
O ! Israel thou hast destroyed thyself." See Gen. xlix. 17, 
18. Psal. xxviii. 8, 9. Isai. i. 2. 

55. There is a great propensity in human nature, under 
emotion, to animate all objects. When we say " the ground 
thirsts for rain," or the earth smiles with plenty ;" when 
we speak of "froiv?iing disdain," or, "meek-eyed content- 
Term translated. 
55 The fiction of a person. 



ELOCUTION. 63 

What other Figures are sometimes used by Rhetori- 
cians ? 

Pleonasmus, Ellipsis, Synathrsmus, Hendiadis, Hysic- 
ron, Hypallage, Hellenismus, JEtiology, Tmesis, JLntimeria, 
Antimetabole, Paradiastole, Epimone, and Antiptosis. 

EXAMPLES. 

meat;" such expressions show the facility with which 
the mind can accommodate the properties of living crea- 
tures to things which are inanimate, or to abstract con- 
ceptions of its own formation. Thus Cicero, in his first 
oration against Cataline, says : " If my country, which is 
far dearer to me than my own life, if all Italy, if the whole 
republic, should say to me : Marcus Tullius what are you 
doing !" And in the same oration : " Your country, Cata- 
line, reasons with you, and thus tacitly addresses herself 
to you : not an atrocious crime has been perpetrated for 
many years, but has had you for its author." Philoc- 
tetes, in Sophocles, pours out to the rocks and caves of 
Lemnos the following complaint : 

O mountains, rivers, rocks and savage herds, 
To you I speak ! to you alone I now 
Must breathe my sorrows ! you are wont to hear 
My sad complaints, and I will tell you all 
That I have suffered from Achilles' son ! 

The impatience of Adam to know his origin, is s ^pos- 
ed to prompt the personification of all the objects he be- 
held, in order to procure information : 

Thou sun, said I, fair light ! 
And thou enlightened earth, so fresh and gay ! 
Ye hills and dales, ye rivers, woods, and plains, 
And ye that live and move, fair creatures, tell, 
Tell, if you saw, how came I thus, how here ? 

So Isai. xxxv. 1. "The wilderness and the solitary 
place shall be glad for them : and the desert place shall 
rejoice, and blossom as the rose." See Josh. xxiv. 27. 
Judg. ix. 8, &c. Psal. xcviii. 8. Prov. viii. 1, &c. Prov, 
ix, 1, &c. 



64 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

Define and exemplify these Figures ? 
A Plconasmus has more words than needs; 56 

And, to augment the emphasis, exceeds. 
Ellipsis leaves a word or sentence out, 57 

When the conciseness causes not a doubt. 
A Synathrxsmus sums up various things, 58 

And as into one heap together brings. 
Hcndiadis, for adjectives doth choose 59 

Their proper substantives themselves to use. 

EXAMPLES. 

56. This figure is sometimes used for the purpose of 
rendering an expression more emphatical : as, " Where in 
the world is he ?•• At other times it is designed to ascer- 
tain the truth of what is said. Thus the servant in Te- 
rence, when the truth of what he related was called in 
question, replied : " It is certainly so ; I saw it with these 
very eyes." So in Isai. vi. 10. " Lest they see with their 
eyes, and hear with their ears." &c. 

57. Quintilian says " the retrenched word is sufficiently 
understood by the rest, as in Ccelius against Antony." — 
''The Greeks all in confusion with joy." " As soon as 
we have heard these words, we perceive that ' began to be* 
is understood." So in Acts vi. 2. " Then the twelve (i.e. 
Apostles) called the multitude of the disciples unto them." 

58. The following example is from the Third Satire of 
Juvenal : " He is a grammarian, rhetorician, geometrician, 
painter, anointer, soothsayer, rope-dancer, physician, ma- 
gician, a hungry Grecian knows every thing." And Dido, 
in Virgil, beholding, from her watchtower, the departure 
of the fleet of JEneas, says: "I might have hurled fire 

.brands into his camp, filled the hatches with flames, extir- 
pated the son, the sire, with the whole race, and flung my- 
self upon the pile." There is another instance of this 
figure in Cicero's Oration for Marcellus ; " The centurion 
has no share in this honour, the lieutenant none, the cohort 
none, the troop none." See Rom. i. 29,31. 

59. Virgil, in his second Georgic, says : " This will be 

T.'rmalrnnslatecl. 

56 A Superfluity. 57 A Defect. 58 A gathering together. 
59 One into two. 



ELOCUTION. 65 

Hysteron doth misplace both words and sense 60 
And makes the last, what's first by just pretence. 
Hypallage doth cases oft' transpose : 61 
A liberty, that's never used in prose. 
'Tis Ilellenismus, when we speak or write, 62 
In the like style and phrase as Greeks indite. 
.Etiology gives every theme a reason ; 63 
And, with convincing arguments, doth season. 

EXAMPLES. 

prolific of grapes, this of such liquor as we pour forth in 
libation from gold and cups,-" that is, from golden cups. 
And in his third book : " Nor would I dislike her if 
streaked with white and spots ,•" that is, with white spots. 

60. ./Eneas, in Virgil, perceiving that the Greeks had 
taken the city of Troy, thus addresses his associates : 
" Let us die, and rush into the thickest of our armed foes." 
And in the ninth book of the ^Eneid, Nfsus uses this ab- 
rupt exclamation, which admirably marks his disorder and 
perturbation of mind : " On me, on ina, here am I who did 
the mischief, O turn your swords on me, Rutulians." So 
in Terence's Self-tormentor, act III, scene I. "He is well and 
alive." " Homer frequently uses this figure ; hence, says 
Cicero, in one of his epistles to Atticus, "I will answer 
you," like Homer, "by Hysteron Proteron." An instance 
of thi3 figure occurs in the book of Psalms: " Behold, he 
travaileth with iniquity, and hath conceived mischief.' 

61. Ovid says, " my mind induces me to speak of forms 
changed into new bodies ;" for bodies changed into new 
forms ; and in the Third Eclogue of Virgil ; " Nor have I 
yet applied my lips to them," for, nor have I yet applied 
them to my lips. 

62. " I kept him from to die ,-" that is, from death. 

63. Despise pleasure; for pleasure bought with pain-U 
hurtful. 

Terms translated. 
60 This figure is commonly called l: Hysteron Proteron,', 
which signifies, putting the last first. 61 A change. 62 A Grae- 
cism, or Greek phrase. 63 Giving a reason. 

7* 






66 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

IJy Tmesis words divided oft are seen, CI 
And others 'twixt the parts do intervene. 
By Jlntimtrla, for one part of speech G5 
Another's put, which equal sense doth teach. 
Aniimctabole puts chang'd words again G6 
By contraries ; some beauty to explain. 
Paradiastok explains aright 67 
Things in an opposite and diff'rent light. 
Epimone repeats the same words o'er G3 
At intervals, to move affection more. 

EXAMPLES. 

" 64. Milton, in the second book of his Paradise Lost, 
says : 

" And in what place soever 
Thrive under ev'l,.and work ease out of pain, 
Through labour and endurance." 
And in St. John : " For what thing3 soever he doeth, these 
also doeth the son likewise." 

65. He is new, for newly, come home. 
6G. Quintilian gives an instance of this figure from Ci- 
cero's oration for Sextus Roscius : " For though he is mas- 
ter of so much art, as to seem the only person alive who is 
fit to appear upon the stage ; yet he is possessed of such 
noble qualities, that he seems to be the only man alive 
who may seem worthy never to appear there." 

So in Romans vii. 19, "For the good that I would, I do 
not : but the evil which I would not, that I do." 

67. " Virtue may be overshadowed, but not overwhelm- 
ed." And St. Paul, in 2 Cor. iv. 8, 9. says : " we are 
troubled on every side, yet not distressed ; we are perplex- 
ed, but not in despair ; persecuted, but not forsaken; cast 
down, but not destroyed." 

68. Virgil, in his eighth eclogue, repeats this sentence 
eight times : " Begin with me, my pipe, Maenalian strains." 
And in the same eclogue, he repeats the following one nine 

Terms translated. 
64 A Division. 65 One part for another. 66 Changing by 
contraries. 67 Contradistinction. 68 Persisting in the same 
words. 



ELOCUTION. 67 

By Antiptosis you may freely place 69 
One (if as proper) for another case. 

Figures of Orthography. 
Prosthesis, to the front of words doth add 70 
Letters or syllables they never had. 
Jlphxresis from the beginning takes, 71 
What properly a part of the word makes. 
Sy?icope leaves part of the middle out ; 72 
Which causeth oft' of case and tense to doubt. 
Epenthesis to the middle adds one more, 73 
Than what the word could justly claim before. 

EXAMPLES. 

times : " My charms, bring Daphnis from the town, bring 
Daphnis home to me." Theocritus, in like manner, in his 
first Idyl, repeats this verse fourteen times : " Begin, O 
Muses, begin the pastoral song." See Gen. xviii. 24 — 32. 
John xxi. 15—17. Matt. xii. 31, 32. 

09. This figure is peculiar to the ancient languages : asj 
Urbem (pro urbs) quam statuo, vestra est. — Virg. 
So in the ninth book of Homer's Iliad : 

M.veTi <r$ Sxi/uur 

And in the third book of the Odyssey : 

'tl <$;\o?, H <ni:Xrrx kxkzv x.%1 ctvztJtr; &-zt$-j.'. 

The word qiw, in both examples is put, by this figure, 
for <+,i\i. 

70. Milton, in the first book of his Paradise Lost, says : 

And what resounds 
In fable or romance of Uther's son, 
Begirt with British and Armoric knights. 
And Spenser : 

But ah! Maecenas is yclad in clay, 
And great Augustus long ago is dead. 

71. Milton says : 

" ^Twixt upper, nether, and surrounding fires." 

72. O'er heaps of ruins stalked the stately hind. 

73. Blackamoor, for Blackmoor. 

Terms translnted. 

69. A case put for a case. 70 Adding to. 71 Taking from 
72 Cutting out. 73 Interposition. 



68 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

Apocope cuts off a final letter 74 
Of syllable, to make the verse run better. 
A Paragoge adds unto the end ; 75 
Yet, not the sense, but measure to amend. 
Metathesis a letter's place doth change, 70 
So that the word appears not new or strange. 
Antithesis doth change a syllable or letter, 77 
Or holds up contrasts, as men think better. 

Figures of Prosody. 
Ecthlipsis M in th' end hath useless fixt, 78 
When vowel or H begins the word that's next. 
By Synalxpha final vowels give way, 79 
That those in front of following words may stay. 
A Systole long syllables makes short ; 80 
The cramp'd and puzzl'd poet's last resort. 
Diastole short syllables prolongs ; 81 
But this, to right the verse, the accent wrongs. 
Synxresis, whenever it indites, 82 
Still into one two syllables unites. 

EXAMPLES. 

74. Rush thro'' the thickets, down the valleys sweep. 

75. My ain kind deary. 

70. Crudle, for curdle, is used both by Spenser and 
Shakspeare. 

77. In vain he spoke, for ah ! the sword addrest 
With ruthless rage, had pierc'd his lovely breast. 

78. Si vita' inspicias, for Si vitam inspicias. 

79. Si vis anim' esse beatus, for Si vis animo esse bea- 
tus. 

80. Steterunt, for Steterunt. 

81. Naufragia, for Naufragia. 

82. Alveo, a dissyllable, for Alveo, a trissyllable. 

Terms translated. 

74 A Cutting off. 75 Producing, or making longer. 70 Trans- 
position. 77 Opposition. 78 A striking out. 79 A mingling to- 
gether. 80 A Shortening. 81 Lengthening. 82 A Contraction. 



EL0CUTI05. OP 

DisRrtsis one into two divides ; 83 

By which the smoother measure gently glides. 

EXAMPLE. 

83. Evoluisset, for evolvisset. 

Tropi Propril Quatuor. 
Dat propria? similem translata Metaphora vocem : 1 
Atque Metonymia imponit nova nomina rebus. 2 

EXEMPLA. 

1. Sunt variae Metaphorae. Quaedam ab animatis ad ani- 
xnata : ut, 

Quid enim hie meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum 
a Philippo interrogans, quid latraret furem se videre re- 
spondif? Cic. de Orat. Lib. ii. 54. 

Keu HTfSf avTois TTcgJvQsvTs; ear*r« th ctKurrat: rxum. — Luc. xiii. 32. 
Et ait illis : Euntes dicite vulpi ilh. 

Ali© ab inanimatis ad inanimata : ut, 
Sic fatur lacrymans, classique immiltit habenas. — Virg. 
Aliae ab inanimatis ad animata : ut, 

— Aut geminos, duo fulmina belli 
Scipiadas. — Virg. 

Oi/to? cf' hi'M &ri 7r&.a>:c( sg?c;? A^nuuv. — Horn. 

Hie vero Ajax est ingens propugnaculum Achivorum. ' 

Postremo ab animatis ad inanimata : ut, 

Indomitique Dahae, et pontem indignatus Araxes. — Virg. 

KaU/Ut* (pUVhTttSf iTTiX TTi^Ci'JTU. TT^CT/.uSx. Hom. 

Sic dixit : autein cohorruit Calypso, eximia inter deas, 
Et ipsum compellans verbis alalis allocutus est. 

2. Sunt etiam variae Metonymiae. Sic causa pro effectu : 
ut, 

At rubicunda Ceres medio succiditur sestu. — Virg. 
Afyiicwrc*'A££ix.u- *B.ytsn Ma«i ku tx; TppQims. Luc. xvi. 29. 
Ait illi Abrahamus : habent Mosen et prophetas. 

Term translated. 
83 A Division. 

Derivations. 

1. a^ttjTswf^a, transfero. 2. n-fjuTovofAatgu, transnomino. 



70 ELEMENTA RHETORIC*. 

Confundit totum cum parte Synecdoche saepe. 3 
Ironia jocis contraria signat acutis. 4 

EXEMPLA. 

E contra effectus pro causa : ut, 

— Aut geminos, duo fulmina belli 
Scipiadas, cladem Libya ? — Virg. 
Maecenas, atavis edite regibus, 
O et presidium, et dulce decus meum ! Hor. 
Aut subjectum pro adjuncto : ut, 

Ille impiger hausit 
Spumantem pateram, et pleno se proluit auro. Virg. 
Tkto err; to <ra>/u.x /ut , kju rxro trrt to euuz fxa . — Marc. xiv. 22. 24. 
Hoc est corpus meum, et hie est sanguis meus. 
Postremo adjunctum pro subjecto : ut, 
Crateras magnos statuunt, et vina coronant. — Virg. 
En Priamus. — Id. 

3. Synecdoche est simili modo varia. Aut enim ex ge- 
nere speciem intelligimus : ut, Uo^iyn; u; toy kio-/u.ov a.7ra.vr<t, 
x«£v£*t« tj tvoyyiXM 7rdL<m t» ktiq-u. Marc. xvi. 15. Euntes in 
mundum universum, praedicate evangelium omni creature. 

Aut e contra ex specie genus : Ut, Tcv ctgrov h/jlud/ toi ertou<rior 
Jot n/nn <r>ijut£ov . Matt. vi. 11. Partem nostrum quotidianum da 
nobis hodie. 

Praeterea ex toto partem : ut, )^u.vtov kv^iov/ux, Kxtovx.oi1fa.7rcu 
AtiKAvaurov. Joan. xx. 13. Sustulerunt Dominum meum, nee 
scio ubi posuerunt eum. 

Aut ex parte totum : ut, Anima quae peccat, ipsa morie- 
tur. Ezech. xviii. 4. Omnes animae quae ingressae sunt 
cum Jacobo in ^Egyptum sexaginta sex erant. Gen. xlvi. 
26. 

Aut ab plurali singularem : ut, To J" oxjtok-moi >wt'ju,u o~ut- 
Tctu^ceSevn; uvra>, mtufi^ov etvrcu. Matt, xxvii. 44. Id ipsum autem 
etiam latrones qui crucifixi erant cum eo, exprobrabant ei. 

E contra ex singulari pluralem : ut, 
Etth Tgo«>? /s^cv 7rToxnB^ov i7ngcn. — Horn. 
Postquam Trojae sacrum oppidum devastavit. (Neque ille 
enim solus, sed una cum aliis Grcecis Trojam evert it.) 

4. Curasti probe. Ter. And. Act. v. Sc. ii. Ad Q. MeteU 

Derivations. 

3. a avifxJt^cfxai, comprehendo. 4. ab i-^i^anwo/usu, dissimulo. 



ELICUTIO. 



71 



Insultans hosti llludit Sarcasmus amare. 5 
Hostili mordens Diasyrmus scommate laedit 6 
Dat Charientismus pro duris mollia verba. 7 
Jlsteismus jocus urbanus seu scomma facetum est. 8 
Durior impropriae est Cataehresis abusio vocis. 9 

EXEMPLA. 

lum praetorem venisti : a quo repudiatus, ad sodalem tuum 
virum optimum, Marcum Marcellum, demigrasti. — Cic. in 
Cat. 

Novum crimen, C. Caesar, et ante hunc diem inauditum 
propinquus meus, ad te Q. Tubero detulit, Q. Ligarium in 
Africa fuisse. Cic. pro Lig. 

O bellum magnopere pertimescendum, cum banc sitha- 
biturus Catilina scortatorum cohortem praetoriam ! Instruite 
nunc, Quirites, contra has tam praeclaras Catalinae copi- 
as vestra praesidia, vestrosque exercitus. Cic. in Cat. 

Ut ludificans eos Elija diceret, clamate voce magna quan- 
do quidem deus est, nam colloquim, aut nam insectatio est 
ei, aut nam iter est faciendum ei : fortasse dormit, ut 
evigilet. Regum lib. prior, cap. xviii. 27. 

Tc/T£ i^Xfrrcit 7rgos <rcu; /unburns auircv, km \eyti nvroig' KciBtutfert to \oi7rov 
Km <tva.7rcwiT§i. Matt. xxvi. 45. Tunc venit ad discipulos suos, 
et dicit illis : Dormite cceterum, et requiescite. 

5. Satia te, inquit, sanguine quern sitisti, cujusque in- 
satiabillis semper fuisti. Just. Lib. i. Cap. 8. 

Xm^e, o fenvthivs rw Icvfauev. Matt, xxvii. 29. 
Gaude, rex Judaeorum. 

6. Proinde tona eloquio, solitum tibi, meque timoris 
Argue tu, Drance, quando tot stragis acervos 
Tuecrorum tua dextra dedit, passimque tropaeis 
Insignos agros. — Virg. 

7. Bona verba quaeso. — Ter. And. act. i. Sc. 2. 

— Ne S33vi magna Sacerdos. — Virg. 

8. Qui Bavium non odit amet tua carmina, Maevi ; 
Atque idem jungat vulpes, et mulgeat hircos. — Virg« 

9. Instar mentis equum divina Palladis arte 
JEdificant. — Virg. 

Derivations. 
5. a <Tct£K.a.ga>, carnes detraho, vel irrideo. 6. a JWyga, convitior. 
^- a X/ t i iiv ' rl ^f A!tt i jocor. 8. ab na-racs, urbanus. 9. a Knrct^no/unt- 
abutor. 



72 ELEMENTA RHETORIC*. 

Extenuans, augensve, excedit Hyperbole verum. 10 
Voce tropos plures nectit Mclalepsis in una. 11 
Continuare tropos solet Jlllegoria plures. 12 

EXKMPLA. 

Hie mini, dum teneras defendo a frigore myrtos 
Vir gregis ipse caper deerraverat. — Virg. 

Olentis uxores mariti. — Hor. 
K«u vrarret^-x $hi7niv r»v <pav»v n'rtc Vvx-Xxo-tuir' , tux. Apoc. i. 12. 
Et conversus sum videre voccm quae loquebatur cum me. 
M» kxivi kmzv &7ro\x.va-u-fji.y) t»? <j>\i/2gw. Luc. Dial. 
'Ne lucremur aliqu od etiam mail nx garrulitate. 
il Tgiyt rw xtxcovzi ctiymv civi*. Theoc. Idyl. viii. 49. 
O hirce albarum caprarum vir. 

10. Hinc atque hinc vast® rupes, geminique minantur 
In ccelum scopuli. — Virg. 

— ipse arduus, altaque pulsat 
Sidera. — Id. j 

AewecT^s/ fcovc? , d-vuv (T cM/uomv o/miu. — Horn. 

Hi candore nivem superant, cursuque aquilonem. 

A >S 0V y /t' ^'^ttw y»v s^cvt' a.g t?r:<rrc\)K 
A cutwM»s. Longin. 
Agrum habuit habentem in se terram minorem epistola 
Laconica. 

11. Felix, heu nimium felix ! si litora tantum 
Nunquam Dardaniae tetigissent nostra carinse. — Virg. 
Fuit Ilium et ingens gloria Dardanidum. — Hor. 

12. O navis, referent in mare te novi 
Fluctus 1 O quid agis ? Fortiter occupa 
Portum, &c. — Hor. 

Equidem caeteras tempestates et procellas in illis duntax- 
at fluctibus concionum semper putavi Miloni esse subeun- 
das. — Cic. pro Mil. 

Sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus. — Ter. 
Sed nos immensum spatiis confecimus sequor 
Et jam tempus equum fumantia solvere colia. — Virg. 

Derivations. 
10 ab u7rt£C>t\>M>, supero. 11. a^tTaAsytCaw, transumo. 12. ab 

*xuryc£ue, aliud dico. 



ElocuTio. 73 

JEnigma obscuris involvit sensa loquelis. 13 
Preemonet experto bene nota Parosmia dicto. 14 
Personis aliud facit JLntonomasia nomen. 15 
Fortius affirmat Litotes ad versa negando. 16 
Asonituvoces Onomatopoeia fingit. 17 

EXEMPLA. 

13. Die quibusin terris, et eris mihi magnus Apollo, 
Tres pateat coeli spatium non amplius ulnas. Virg. 
Die quibirs in terris, inscripti nomina regum 
Nascantur rlores. — Id, 

14-. Lupum auribus teneo. — Ter. 
Laterem lavem. — Id. 

15. — Divum pater atque hominum. — Virg. 
Trus est et subito, qui modo Croesus erat. — Ov. 
Qui Curios simulant et Bacchanalia vivunt. — Juv. 

fit (tTPO? JUVPIGIS AKhQls) KM T* TTigl TUC AXaxJclC TO) 7T01HTH 7rot^aLTiT0XjU>f 

fjLii& — Longin. 

Velut (praeter innumera alia) etiam ilia, quae de Aloidis 
a poeta sunt audacia felici dicta, 

16. Non laudo ,- id est, Reprehendo. — Ter. And. 

— Dabitur, Trojane, quod optas : 
Munera nee sperno. — Virg. 
Est, qui nee veteris pocula Massici 
Spernit, (id est, magnopore amat) — Hor. 
Aw, xx. ev to/? 7rxao<riv currw wSoKii<riv o ©£«?' x/jfrtir'reuhwtui ytg «vt» tg« 
jtta. — 1 Cor. x. 5. 

Sed non in pluribus eorum probavit Deus : prostrati sunt 
enim in deserto. 

17. Bombalio, clangor, stridor, taratantara, murmur. 

Atyffi fiioe-, vajpiSejuey' i&%iv, ctKro cf' otcrros 
0£vQth»c~ — Horn. 
Striduit arcus, nervus autem valde sonuit, saliitque sa- 
gitta acutam habens cuspidem. 

Aov7rwriv Si nctem clqx.Qho-z Si nu^i vrr cwrod — Id. 
Fragorem vero edidit cadens, sonitumque dedere arma su- 
per ipsum. 

Derivationes. 
13. ab tuvnra), obscure loquor. 14. a 7ra^oifAtit^oiutu } proverbialiter 
loquor. 15. ab eetrt, pro, et ovo/ust^a>, nomino. 16. a hires , tenuii. 17 
ab ovo^c*iwo/a», nomen facio. 

8 



74 ELEMENTS RHETORIC-*. 

Oppositas rebus vocc3 Antiphrasis aptat. IS 
JDe Figuris. 
Figurfc Dictionis ejusdam so?ii. 
Diversis membris frontem dat Anaphora eandeim 19 
Unum diversis finem dat Epistrophe membris. 20 
Incipit et finit pariter duo Symploce membra. 21 

EXEMPLA. 

18. Lucus a luceo, significat nemus opacum. Bellum, a 
bellus, a, um, quod minime sit bellum. Fata dicuntur Parca, 
quia nemini par cunt. 

19. Nihilne noctumum presidium palatii, nihil urbis vi- 
giliae,mAi7timor populi, nihil consensus bonorum omnium, 
nihil hie munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horr 
ora vultusque moverunt'? — Cic. in Cat. 

Hie gelidi fontes, /ucmollia prata, Lycori, 
Hie nemus : hie ipso tecum consumerer aevo. — Virg. 
Te, dulcis conjux, te solo in litore secum, 
Te veniente die, te decedente canebat. — Id. 

N/ga/j, tf &v Iv/uuiQev d.yty r^uc VHetS iltrug, 
N^«y? Ay\cu>ts&' vice, X^otoot' clvumtw 
N>ga;f , eg w£.Khi<T<ros ctvug v7ro Ihiov »xQi. — Horn. 
Nireus tres Syma naves adduxit et ipse, 
Nireus Aglaia Charopoque potente creatus, 
Nireus, quo Trojam venit, non pulchrior alU 
•20. Doletis tres exercitus populi Romani interfectOo 
interfecit Antonius : desideratis clarissimos cives ; eosque 
eripuit vobis Antonius : auctoritas hujus ordinisafflicta est; 
afflixit Antonius. — Cic. in M. Ant. 

Namque ego, crede mihi, si te modo pontus haberet, 
Te sequerer, conjux, et me quoque pontus haberet. 
21. Quis eos postulavit? Appius : quis produxit? Ap- 
pius. — Cic. pro Mil. 

Quis legem tulit? Rullus : quis majorem populi partem 
suffragiis privavit ? Rullus ; quis comitiis praefuit ? idem 
Rullus. — Cic. 

Quam bene, Caune, tuo poteram nurus esse parenti ! 
Quam bene, Caune, meo poteras gener esse parenti. — Ov. 

Derivationes. 
18. ab cLvTi<p£'Jt.fa, per contrarium loquor. 19. ab *vsi<|>£§a, refero. 
20. ab ejwTgftpa, converto. 21. a cru^^-xata), connecto. 



ELOCUTIO. 75 

Incipit et voce exit Epanalepsis eadem. 22 

Inverso repetens dat Epanodos ordine voces. 23 
Voce Jlnadiplosis qua finit incipit ipsa. 24 

EXEMPLA. 

22. Multi et graves dolores inventi parentibus, et pro- 
pinquis multi. — Cic. 

Vidimus tuam victoriam praeliorum exitu terminatam ; 
gladium vagina vacuum in urbe non vidimus. Cic. pro M. 
Marcel. 

Multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa. — Virg. 
Non amo te, Sabidi, nee possum dicere quare ; 
Hoc tantum possum dicere, non amo te. — Mart. lib. i. Ep. 33. 
V ictus amore tui, cognato sanguine victus — Virg. 

Una dies Fabios ad bellum miserat omnes, 

Ad bellum missos perdidit una dies. — Ov. 

Xmet<TSiv Kv£ia> 7ravrcri, 7r*kiv iga>,xdueeri. Phillipp. iv. 4. 

Gaudete in Domino semper, iterum dico, gaudete. 

23. — Crudelis tu quoque mater : 
Crudelis mater magis, an puer improbus ille ? 
Improbus ille puer, crudelis tu quoque mater. — Virg. 

Ecquam putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse, quae locuples sit? 
Ecquam locupletem, quae illis pacata esse videatur 1 Cic. 
ro L. Man. 

A§»? t« figcroxoryoc , Eg/j t' ct/uorov /ui/uAvat, 

*H juev, i%)iv<rcL xvSot/uov tivniSi* JawniTor 

A§»? J' iv TrsLKA/umri 7riKa>£tov ey%ot ewfAH. — Horn. 

Mars homicida, dea et Contentio litigiosa, 
Haec etiam turbas ciet, *ac hostilia multa : £ 

Mars autem manibus praegrandem concutit hastam. 

24. Hie tamen vivit ; vivit ? Imo vero etiam in senatum 
venit. — Cic. in Cat. 

Quamdiu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives : et 
vives ita ut nunc vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis 
■obsessus. — Id. 

Pierides : vos haec faeietis maxima Gallo ,• 

Gallo, cujus amor tantum mihi crescit in horas. — Virg. 

Addit se sociam, timidisque supervenit JEgle ; 

JEgle Naiadum pulcherrima — Id. 

Derivationes. 
•22. ab wri, et AVAXA/uQetva) , repeto. 23 ab im, et scvxJos, ascensus ' 
■24, ab ayajprxaaij redupliec 



76 ELEMENTA RHETORICS. 

Confirmat vocem repetens Epizeuxis eandem. 25 
Verba Ploce repetit paulum mutantia sensum. 26* 

Nomen idem variis Polyptoton casibus effert. 27 



EXEMPLA. 

Ecce Dionrei processit Caesaris astrum ; 
Astrum, quo segetes gauderent frugibus. — Id. 

la J" eya> ayrics a/xi, ksli u 7rvgi ;£«§*? ioiksv, 

El 7rjgi %iig*t; ioix.ijut.ev a; J' auQccvi <riSnga>. — Horn. 
Hunc adversus eo, quamvis sit Jl a mmea dextr a, 
Flammea dextra licet, vis ignea denique ferri. 

25. Tu, tu, inquam, M. Antoni, princeps C. Ccesarf, 
omnia perturbare cupienti, causam belli contra patriam in- 
ferendi dedisti. — Cic. in M. Ant. 

Ah, Corydon, Corydon, qua? te dementia cepit ! — Virg. 

Excitate excitate eum, si potestis, ab inferis. — Cic. pro 
Mil. 

Crux, crux, inquam, infelici et aerumnoso comparabatur. 
Cic. in Ver. 

Totum hoc (quantnmciinqiie est, quod certe maximum 
est,) totum est, inquam, tuum. — Cic. pro Marcel. 

i Ii£x<r*?oi{A., i Isztio-aLh>ifu., ( » a.7rwrwx<j-a. me 7r^o^»noc.e- — Matt, xxiii. 37. 

Hierusalem, Hierusalem, occidens prophetas. 

26. Ad ilium diem Memmius erit Memmius, sc. sibi simi- 
lis. 

Simla est Simla, etiamsi aurea gestat insignia. 

In hac victoria Casar fuit Casar, sc. mitisimus victor. 

27. Argumentis agemus ; signis omni luce clarioribus 
criminarefellemus ; res cum re, causa cum causa, ratio cum 
ratione pugnabit. — Cic. pro Coal. 

Jam clypeus clypeis, umbone repellitur umbo, 
Ense minax ensis, pede pes, et cuspide cuspis. — Stat. 
Th. viii. 

Mors mortis morti mortem nisi morte dedisset, 
iGternae vitae janua elausa foret. — Epig. deChristo. 

' Ot/ €^ ovum, kcu SC cuim, kcu ne aunov ta TntvTtt. Rom. xi. 36. 
Quoniam ex ipso, et per ipsum, et in ipso omnia. 

Derivationes. 
25. ab iTrt^ivyvv/iAi, conjungo. 26. ajrxacatnecto, vel flecto. 27. a ara- 
ku; , multus, et jrraavs , casus. 



ELotimo 77 

Dat varium sensum voci Jlntanaclasi's eidem. 28 
Paronomasia alludit sonitumque imitatur. 29 
Naturae ejusdem sibi verba Paregmenon addit. 30 
Fine sonos similes conjungit Homoioteleuton. 31 

EXEMPLA. 

28. Cum Proculeius quereretur de filio, quod mortem su- 
am exoptarit ; et ille dixisset, se vero non expectare ; imo, 
inquit, rogo expectes. — Quint. 

Quis neget iEneae natum de stirpe Neronem 1 Sustulit 
hie (sc. interfecit) matrem, sustulit ille (sc. deportavitj 
patrem. — Mart. Epig. 

Quid ergo] ista culpa Brutorum ? Minime illorum qui- 
dem, sed aliorum brutorum, qui se cautos et sapientes pu- 
tant. — Cic. ep. ad Att. 

f O h Impou; U7rsv oxitoo' AkoXuBh juoi, iuu ctcpss t»c vatgovi Sa^ou t«? iuv- 
rav vacuous. — Matt. viii. 22. 

At Jesus aitilli : sequere me, et dimitte mortuos sepelire 
suos mortuos. 

29. Inceptio est amentium, haud amantium. — ^er. And. 
Tibi parata erunt verba, huic verbera, — Ter. Heaut. 

Nunquam satis dicitur, quod nunquam satis disciiur. — 
Sen, Ep. 28. 

Itaque plebiscitum, quo magis oneratus quam honor a- 
tus sum, primus antiquo abrogoque. — Liv. 

De oratore arator factus. — Cic. 
2y it Tlrrpog . khu eri rctwra th ttst^a oucoJojumroo /ux <r»v zhkkho-iclv . — 
Matt. xvi. 18. 

Tu es Petrus, et super hac/xzfoyzasdificabo meam ecclesi- 
am. 

30. Sed ut turn ad senem senex de senectute, sic in hoc li- 
bro ad amitum amicissimus de amicitia scripsi. — Cic. de 
Amicitia. 

Tu quoque Pieridum studio, studiose, teneris ; 
Ingenioque faves, ingeniose, meo. — Ov. 
Is demum miser est, cujus nobililas miserias nobilitat. 

31 . Non ejusdem est f aeere fortiter, et vivere turpiier. -Cic. 

Derivations. 
28. ab clvti, centra, et avsucAXia), revoco. 29. a tt^*, juxta, et 
tvojua., nomen. 30. a.7ru^3tyo/uau, juxta ducor. 31. ab 'o/xoim, simi- 
liter et rtwrov, firutum. 

8* 



78 ELEMENTA RHETORICS. 

Verba Climax repetit gradibus quoque pergit eundo. 33 
Iisdem plura facit Synonymia nomina rebus. 33 

EXEMPLA. 

Vivis invidiose, delinquis studiose, loqueris odiose. 
Quid est in Coelo 1 Nescio, sed dico quod non est : 
Non ibi debilis, aut homo flebilis ; 
Aut furor, aut lis : 
Aut cibus, aut coquus, aut Venus, aut Jocus 

Ant tumor, aut vis. — Bern. Mor. 
Quos anguis dims tristi mulcedine^amV; 
Hos sanguis mirus Christi dulcedine lavlt. 
X^n^etvov !T^siVT*$IAEIN, tSihovr&Si IIEMnEIN.— Horn. 
32 Neque verose populo solum, sed etiam senatui commisit: 
neque senatui modo, sed etiam publicis prassidiis, et armis : 
neque his tantum, verum etiam ejus potestati, cui senatus 
totam rempublicam commiserat. — Cic. pro Mil. 

Quae reliqua spes libertatis manet, si illis, et quod libet, 
licet ; et quod licet, possunt ; et quod possunt, audent ; et 
quod audent, faeiunt ; et faciunt quodcunque molestum 
est?— Cic. 

Facinus est vincire cirem Romanum ; scelus verberare, 
prope parricidium necare ; quid dicam in crucem tollere 1 
— Cic. pro Rabir. 

EiT/^OgJJ^XfTATS iV <TH TrKTTil VfAW TXV «£ST»V , SV Si T» 4tgST« TW yVOXTtV, tt 

Si t» •yvaxru t»v eyK^xrHctv, ev Sim eyHgtLriix.mv vm/movM ev S~i m ufxa/uor* 
r»r eutr&ii&v ev Si m tur&itcL mv <$i\<tSi\q&.v , ev Se m QiKctSiKqia. tw 
ttytam. — 2 Pet. i. 5—7. 

Subministrate in fide vestra virtutem,in autem virtute cogni- 
tionem, in autem cognitione temperantiam, in autem tem- 
perantia tolerantiam, in autem tolerantia pietatem, in au- 
tem pietate amorem fraternitatis, in autem amore fraterni- 
tatis charitatem. 

33. Vultus denique totus, qui sermo quidam tacitus men- 
tis est, hie in errorem homines impulit : hie eos, quibua 
erat ignotus, decepit, fefellit, in fraudem induxit. — Cic. in 
L. Pis. 

Quern si fata virum servant, si vescitur aura 
^Stherea, neque adhuc crudelibus occubat umbris. — Virg. 

Derivationes. 

32. a x\aa, acclino. 33. a a-w, con, et cro^u*, nomen. 



ELOCUTIO. 



79 



Figurae ad Ratiocinationem. 
Qnaerit Erotesis poterat quod dicere recte. 34 
Anticipat, quae quis valet objecisse, Prolepsis. 35 
! Plane, aut dissimulans, permittit Epitrope factum. 36 

EXEMPLA. 

Quicunque ubique sunt, qui fuere, quique futuri sunt 
posthac, stulti, stolidi, fatui, fungi, bardi, blenni, bucco- 
nes, solus ego omnes longe anteeo stultitia et indoctis mo- 
ribus. — Mart. 

34. Et procul : O miseri, quae tanta insania cives 1 * 
Crediti's avectos hostes 1 aut ulla putatis 

Dona carere dolis Danaum ] sic notus Ulysses ?--Virg 

'H @XkwQi, i!7Ti fXOl, TTigUOVTi? OXITOHV mJvQAV&rBsU KU.TO. T»V etycg&V, 

\eyersu ti kaivov ', ymiro yatg av t/ x.'MV(,rigw, « Mwdw a.wg aQhvsuh; ka- 
TH7ro\iy.u>v , ku.i tcl rav 'Exxav*v Sioikw ; nbmte Qthnnroz ', a /u.ct A/,' a.h\' 
curBiva. Ti £' l v/uiv SttL<pigu ; k-xi yug uv art* ri 7raB» 7 <Tct%ia>$ l v/uei( l vn- 
got <bi\i7nrw Troimm. — Demost. Philipp. i. 

Num vultis, die mihi, circumcursitantes alius alium per- 
contari in foro, diciturne aliquid novi 1 Quid enim magis no- 
vum fieri potest, quam hominem Macedonem Athenienses 
bello subigere, Graeciaeque pro suo libitu res administrare ? 
Mortuusne est Philippus ? Non per Jovem : atqui aegrotat. 
Quid vero hoc vestra interest 1 ? Etsi enim moriatur ille, 
brevi vos alium Philippum vobis facietis. 

35. Siquis vestrum, Judices, aut eorum qui adsunt, forte 
miratut, me, qui tot annos in causis judiciisque publicis 
ita sim versatus, ut defenderim multos, laeserim neminem, 
subito nunc mutata voluntate ad accusandum descendere : 
is, si mei consilii causam rationemque cognoverit, una et 
id quod facio probabit, et in hac causa profecto neminem, 
praeponendum esse mihi actorem putabit,— Cic. in Caecil. 

A\x' tgu Tig' Has sryugovra.1 a vmgot ', 7rcia> Si aee/uctTl epyovraU ; A<f>- 
goy, <ru l o ayrugag, a £tto7roturxi,ixv jm.it attcBolvh.. — 1 Cor, xv. 35, 36. 

Sed dicet aliquis ; quomodo resurgunt mortui 1 quali 
autem corpore veniunt 1 insipiens, tu quod seminas, non 
vivificatur, si non moriatur. 

36. Tribuo Graecis literas, do multarum artium disciplin- 
ary ingeniorum acumen, dicendi copiarn, denique etiam si- 

Derivationes. 
34. ab tgatrctet, interrogo. 35. a 7rgo\a./uCuva), anticipo. 36. ad vrtrpvra, 
permitto. 



90 ELEMENTA RHETORICS 

Consul tat cum aliis Anaccenosis ubique. 37 
Oppositum Antithesis sensum librare paratur, 38 

EXEMPLA. 

qua alia sibi sumunt, non rupugno : testimoniorurn religio- 
nem et fidem liunquam ista natio coluit. — Cic. pro Flac. 

Sint sane, quoniam ha se mores habent, liberates ex so- 
ciorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii : ne il- 
lis sanguinem nostrum largiantur; et, dum paucis scelera- 
tis parcunt, bonos omnes per'ditum eant. — Sal. 

Egstf ay. E^iKhxa-Qna-cLv ci xxaJoi, iva. ryoo ryKivrgtrSce. Ketkar m &7rt(r- 
Tl& ^ackctaQmrctv , o~v Si r» ttitth scttukxc jum v^tihoqecva, ttXhsL <p r £x. — 
Rom. xi. 19. 20. 

Dices ergo : Defracti sunt rami, ut ergo insererer. Pul- 
chre ; incredulitate defracti sunt, tu autem fide stas ; ne ef- 
feraris animo, sed time. 

37. Queero, si te hodie domum tuam redeuntem coacti 
homines, et armati, noh modo limine, tectoque sedium tua- 
rum, sed primo aditu, vestibuloque prohibuerint, quid ac- 
turus sis'? — Cic. 

Tu denique, Labiene, quid faceres tali in re ac tempore! 
cum ignavise ratio te in fugam, atque in latebras impelle- 
ret : improbitas et furor Lucii Saturnini in Capitolium ar- 
cesseret : consules ad patriae salutem ac libertatem voca- 
rent : quam tandem auctoritatem, quam vocem, cujus sec- 
tam sequi, cujus imperio parere potissimum velles 1 Cic. 
pro Rul. 

Quin denique, quid censetis 1 cedo, si vos in eo loco es- 
setis, quid aliud fecissetis 1 — Cic. 

38. Odit populus Romanus privatam luxuriam, publicam 
munificentiam diligit. — Cic. 

Ex hac parte pudor pugnat, ill i ne petulantia. — Id. 

Caesar beneficiis ac munificentia magnus habebatur, in 
tegritate vitae Cato, &c. — Sail. 

Egentes in locupletes, perditi in bonos, servi in domi- 
nos, armabantur. — Cic. 

vtocev XQirrcv In<rx ra> Kv^icd 'hjuwv. — Rom. vi. 23. 

Nam stipendia peccati mors ; at donatio Dei, vita aeterna 
in Christo Jesu Domino nostro. 

Derivalioncs. 
37. ab nvxKitvooe, communico. 38. ab &vri, contra, et T&»f*i 7 pono. 



ELOCUTIO. 81 

Oxymoron erit quasi contradictio vera. 39 
Consulit, addubitans quid agat dicatve, Jiporia. 

Figures ad Affectuum Concitationem. 
ConcitatjEcphonesis et Exclamatio mentem. 41 

EXEMPLA. 

39. De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant : cum 
patiuntur, decernunt : cum tacent, clamant. — Cic. in Cat. 

Et, consanguineas ut sanguine leniat umbras, 
Impietate pia est. — Ov. 

Nunquam se minus otiosum esse quam otiosum, nee mi- 
nus solus quam cum solus esset. 

I Id aliquid nihil est. — Ter. And. Ut cum ratione insa- 
nias. — Ter. Eun. Tu pol, si sapis, quod scis, nescias. — 
Ter. Heaut. 

— Concordia discors. — Ov. 
Amici absentes adsunt, &c. — Cic. 
*H Si <r7rstrAXieTX, fatr* tsQwks. — 1 Tim. v. 6. 
At deliciosa, vivens mortua est. 

40. Quo me miser conferam 1 quo vertam? in capitoli- 
um] at fratris sanguine redundat : an domum 1 matremne 
ut miseram, lamentantem que videam, et abjectam ? Cic. 
de Grac. 

— quid igitur faciam miser ? 
Quidve incipiam ? ecce autem video rure redeuntem se- 
nem. 

Dicam huic, an non? — Ter. Eun. 
Eloquar an sileam 1 ? — Virg. 
Quid faciam? roger, annerogem? quiddeinderogabo?— Ov. 
vrnSi ev i-jLVTu l c oatovofjue' T/ 7rom-/oo 'art i o nv^m /ux ctcpsupsncii tw oik- 

CVO/UfXV 0.7T i/J.% ', VKdLTriiM UK 1<T~)(JJ60, tfrcllTUV ClUT^yVOJUOil. LuC. XVi. 3. 

Ait autem in seipso dispensator ; Quid faciam, quia do- 
minus meus aufert dispensationem amel fodere non valeo 
mendicare erubesco. 

41. O audaciam immanem! tuetiamingredi illam domum 
ausus es ? tu illud sanctissimum limen intrare 1 tu illarum 
sedium diis penatibus os importunissimum ostendere ? — 
Cic. in M. Ant. 

Dcrivationes. 
39. ab ^vf , acutus, et ,wagcj, stultus. 40. ab etTro^a, addubito* 
41. ab m^wto), exclamo. 



ELEMENTA RHETORICS. 

Librat in .intithctis contraria Enantiosis. 42 
Aposiopesis sensa imperfecta relinquit. 43 

EPEMPLA. 

O clementiam admirabilem, atque omni laude, praedica- 
tione, Uteris, monumentisque decorandam ! — Cic. pro. 
Lig. 

O scelus ! O pestis ! O labes ! — Cic. in Pis. 
O Coelum ! O terra! O maria Neptuni ! — Ter. 
Adelph. 

Heupietas! heu prisca fides ! invictoque bello 
Dextra ! — Virg. 

©s* /ux,0&fjt.is, (van junyx.ciTihi7rH ; — Matth. xxvii. 46. 
Deus meus, Deus meus, ut quid me dereliquisti ! 
42. Conferte hanc pacem cum Mo bello ,- hujus prsetoris 
adventum, cum illius imp eratori s victoria ; hujus cohortem 
impuram cum illius exercitu invicto ; hujus libidines cum 
illius continentia ; ab illo qui cepit conditas ; abhoc, quicon- 
stitutas accepit, capias dicetis Syracusas. — Cic. in Ver. 

Plura beila gessit, quam caeteri legerunt ; plures provin- 
cias confecit, quam alii concupiverunt : cujus adolescentia 
ad scientiam rei militaris non alienis praeceptis, sed suis 
imperiis : non offensionibus belli, sed victoriis : non sti- 
pendiis, sed triumphis esterudita. — Cic. pro Leg. Man. 
Alba ligustra cadunt, vaccinia nigra leguntur. — Virg. 
43 — Quern quidem ego si sensero — 

Sed quid opus est verbis. — Ter. And. 
Quos ego — sed prsestat motos componere fluctus. — 
Virg. 

Cantando tu ilium 1 aut unquam tibi fistula cera 
Juncta fuit 1 — Id. 

— :Ego te, furcifer, 
Si vivo. Ter. Eun. 

Aeyuv 'gt< u Tyvm kxi <rv, am yi ev m n/ui^ci <rx return , rci 7r^( iig»r»v 
w vw ii iK^vQyi a.7rc cqQccXjuuv ex . — Luc. xix. 42. 

Dicens : quia si cognovisses et tu, et quidem in die tua 
hac, quae ad pacem tuam ; nunc autem abscondita sunt ab 
oculis tuis. 

Derivationes. 
42. ab tvxvnog, oppositus. 43. ab ct7ro<ria>7r4a, obticeo. 



ELOCUTIO. 83 

Rem neg&tdpophasis, quam trans greditur Paraleipsis. 44 
Verba Epanorthosis revocans addensque reformat. 45 
Digna praeire, solet postponere Anastrophe verba. 46 

EXEMPLA. 

E/7TCT8 J 1 ' tX-VTi 

X§e<¥ ifxuo yewrcit ctumu. xaycv bl/uuv*i 

Tot? etXXoi;- — » ysi£ i oy' oxona-i <p£i<rt dvu. — Horn. 

Sin vero unquam posthac opus me fuerit ad indignam 
pestem arcendam ab aliis : — certe enim ille perniciosis con- 
siliis furit. 

44. Mitto illam primam libidinis injuriam, mitto nefarias 
generi nuptias, mitto cupiditate matris expulsam niatrimo- 
nio filiam. — Cic. pro Cluent. 

Non referam ignaviam, et alia magis scelesta, quorum 
po3nitere oportet : taceo, omitto homicidia, furta, et alia 
tua crimina : nee ea dico, quae si dicam, tamen infirmare 
non possis. — Cic. in Ver. 

Eycv JIavkoq iy^L-\m m ijua X il ih s > a MTvum' 'ivctjun xeya> trot 'on x.su<re- 
awTcv /uoi ?rgoa-!i(puXitc. — Phil. 19. 

Ego Paulus scripsi mea manu, ego dependam ; ut non 
dicam tibi quod et teipsum mihi addebes. 

45. An vero ignoratis, neque in hoc pervagato civitatis 
sermone versantur, quas ille leges, (si leges nominandae 
sunt, ac non fasces urbis et pestes reipublica?) fuerit im- 
positurus nobis omnibus, atque inusturus 1 — Cic. pro Mil. 

— Filium unicum adolescentulum 
Habeo : ah ! quid dixi habere me 1 imo habui, Chreme : 
Nunc habeam, nee ne, incertum est. — Ter. Heaut. 
O dementia ! dementia, dixi 1 potius patientia mira. — 
Cic. in Ver. 

axxn 7rs£io-<j-cry>ov cturw 7rcivrav zx.07ricura; hk ryonSi^a-XX 'a %2.gisTis Qm '» 
aw i/xot. — 1 Cor. xv. 10. 

Sed abundantius illis omnibus laboravi ; non ego autem 
sed gratia Dei quae cum me. 

46. Pastorum Musam, Damonis et Alphesiboei, 
Immemor herbarum quos est mirata juvenca 
Certantes ; quorum stupefactae carmina lynces ; 

Derivationes. 
44. ab si7ro, ab, et<^», dico: a,7rugitxevra>, praetermitto. 45. ab 
t7rst,vc,$ca>, corrigo. 46. ab ctvaar^oo, retro verto. 



84 ELEMF.NTA RHETORIC*. 



Dial yf on tollit juncturam, et Asyndeton tuque. 47 
Conjunctura frequens vocum Polysyndeton esto. 48 



EXEMPLA. 

Et mutata suos requierunt ilumina cursus 
Damonis Musam dicemus et Alphesibcei. — Virg. 
Quid deinde ? quid censeris 1 furtum fortasse aut prae- 
dam aliquam 1 — Cic. in Ver. Deinde, (inquit Quintilianus) 
cum diu suspendisset judicum animos, suljecit quod multo 
esset improbius. 

47. Ite, 

Ferte citi flammas, date vela, impellite remos. — Virg. 

Ceeteros ruerem, agerem, raperem, tunderem, prosterne- 
rem. — Ter. 

Turn spectaculum horribile in campis patentibus : sequi, 
fugere, occidi, capi. — Sal. 

Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit, — Cic. in Cat. 
Veni, vidi, vici. — Caes. 

Kau av/xCsikovTi; rat cltttiSx;, eeo&xvro, e/ua^ovro, ouratruviv , cLirfdyacxo* 
— Xenoph. 

Et confligentes clypeos impellebantur, pugnabant, caede- 
bant, moriebantur. De istiusmodi constructione, vide Horn. 
II. Lib. i. 105. iii. 23. iv. 89, 327. v. 276, 840. vi. 392, 517 
vii. 23. xi. 196. xii. 365. xv. 239. 

48. Me prae caeteris et colit et observat, et diligit. — Cic. 
in Epist. 

Et somnus, et vinum, et epulae, et scorta, et Balnea?, 
corpora atque animos enervant. — Liv. 

tectumque, laremywe, 

Arma^ue, Amyclaeumyue canem, Cressamywe, pharetram. 
Virg. 

W&rwfAtti yx.% 'oti an Solvatcs, an fan, an ctyytxci, art et^su, art 
i'wutfxai; j an iverr or*, an /w.iXKcvrct. an v\-a:y.dL. art fiu.Bc$. an ns wivk 
'eri^A Jvvhv&t'JU '»//*? ^ct^;<r^t cl7T'j nxr ayct7riig ra Qta, rue (v X^urru In<nt 
to) Kyg/a 'huuv. — Rom. viii. 38, 39. 

Persuasus sum enim, quia neque mors, neque vita, ne- 
que angeli, neque principatus, neque potestates, neque in- 
stantia, neque futura, neque altitudo, neque pvofunditas, 

Derivationes. 
47. a Siaxvu), dissolvo : ab a, privat. et cWa*, conjungo. 48. a 
artfo/?, multus, et <rwStu> } conjungo. 



XL0CUTI0. S5 

Periphrasis verbis rem pluribus explicat unam. 49 
Exprimit, atque oculis quasi subjicit Hypotyposis. 50 
Res, loca, personas, aflfectus, tempora, gestus. 
Narratura cl audit, vel Epiphonema probatum. 51 



neque aliqua creatura alia poterit nos separare a charitate 
Dei, quae in Christo Jesu Domino nostro. 

49. Fecerunt id servi Milonis, neque imperante, neque 
sciente, neque praasente domino, quod suos quisque servos 
in tali re facere voluisset. (sc. interfecerunt Clodium.) 
Cic. pro Mil. 

Trojani belli scriptor, sc. Homerus. — Hor. 

Et jam summa procul villarum culmina fumant, 

Majoresque cadunt altis de montibus umbrae. — Virg. 

'O juclShthc scuvoij 1 gv nya.7rx ( o Tixrag. — Joan xxi. 7. 
Discipulus ille, quern diligebat Jesus. 

50. Videor enim mihi hanc urbem videre, lucem orbis 
terrarum, atque arcem omnium gentium, subito uno incen- 
dio concidentem : cerno animo sepulta in patria miseros, at- 
que insepultos acervos civium : versatur mihi ante occulos 
aspectus Cethegi, et furor in vestra caede bacchantis. — Cic. 
in Cat. 

Obstupui,steteruntque comae, et vox faucibus haesit.-Virg. 
Oi fj.oi, meant (xv wot yuya> ; — Eurip. Iphig, Taur. 
Hei mihi ! interficiet me : quo fugiam % 

51. Musa, mihi causas memora : quo numine laeso 
Quidve do] ens regina Deum, tot volvere casus 1 
Insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores 

f Impulerit. Tantoene anirnis coelestibus irce 1 — Virg. 
Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem ! — Id. 
Quam ut adipiscantur omnes optant, eandem accusant 
adepti : Tarda est stultitia et perversitas ! — Cic. de Senect. 

tfurev, ksu atCctxert sts to (tkvtos to s^wn^cr fxsi tcrrou l o x.\uu6/u.cc Ktu ; o 
@Puy/u.cs Tcev oiorrov. IloXKoi yug n<ri kxhtgi, ckeyct h SKhonoi.-Ma.tt. xxii. 
13, 14. 

Tunc dixit rex ministris : ligantes ejus pedes et manus 
tollite eum, et ejicite in tenebras exteriores ; ibi erit rle- 

Derivationes. 
49. a.7rtejqgu.fa, circumloquor. 50. 'vwgtvwou, repra?sento. 51. ab 
eriyaviu, acclamo. 

9 



86 ELEMENTA RHETORICS. 

Personam, 5 numerum, commutat Enallagep tempus 52 
Cumque 3 modo, 4 genus et pariter: sic srepe videbis. 

EXEMPLA. 

tuset fremitus dentiumi/m^t enim sunt vocati pauciveroeledi. 
52. J Ubi te ignaviae tradideris, (pro tradiderint.)— Sail. 
Alta petunt : pelago credas innare revulsas 
Cycladas, aut montes concurrere montibus altos. — 

Virg. 

$au»s k ax./u»Tctc xm arcugi^ etxX»\ot<riv 

AvT«r9' gy 7r0Xiju.ee' i m tro-v/uivcec e/uit^pvro. — Horn. 

Dlceres illos indefatigatos et indomitos sibi invicem oc- 
currere in pugna ; adeo concitate pugnabant. 

(Ubi, secunda persona utendo, Homerus lectorem facit 
ut res ibi gestas non amplius legat, sed cernat ; ut denique 
non tarn Poetee quam pugnantium comes sit.) 

2 Hastam intorsit equo, ferrumque sub aure reliquit : 

Quo sonipes ictu furit arduus, altaque jactat, 
Vulneris impatiens, arrecto pectore crura : 
Volvitur ille excussus humi. — Virg. 
(Ubi, praesenti tempore utendo, Virgilius lectorem facit 
et equi vulnus etbellatoris casum pene oculis videre.) Sic. 
TltTrrceiuesJsris, i u7ro <rce Kv^a nnrooy ksu 7Tctrnfxivo? } Trmiu t» /uet^su^x 
WT»v ycurTiP* tov 'iTrnrov i o h o-qaJsL^atv A7rosiitrcu rov Kvgcv, l oh 7Ti7rru.- 
Xenoph. de Cyropaed. Lib. vii. 

Cum cecidissit quidam subter equum Cyri et proculca- 
retur, ferit equi ventrem gladio ; ille autem aegre ferens ex- 
cutit Cyrum, hie vero decidit. 

3 Xauguv (jsrva, %jxj£ov<ra>v , kai kxsuuv per*, kxcuovtw. — Rom. xii. 15. 
Gaudere cum gaudentibus, et flere cum flentibus. 

4 De hac generis mutatione, frequens est apud Homerum 
usus ; dicit enim kxutos i l7r7roSAy.uci, et t&wv <pixf. 

5 Singularis numerus positus vice pluralis vi et majes- 
tate orationem vestit. — Sic : 

E5r«9' '» nexo7rovv»<ros l st7rcL7ci Siua-rma. 
Deinde omnis Peloponnesus in factiones discessit. 
(verba sunt Demosthenis in oratione pro Corona, ubi '»ni, 
xo7rovv»<roc usurpatur pro <o» Tlixo7rovm<rtoi. 

E contra Pluralis pro Singulari saepe ponitur : ut, 
Ov yct-i UiX07n;, aSi KxtS/uoi, xS' Aryv7rroi rt km &*vctoi, aS etxxot 

Derivationes. 
52. ab act\\'j.r<To>, permuto. 



ELOCUTIO. 87 

Est vocura inter se turbatus Hyperbaton ordo. 53 
Sermonem a praesenti avertit Apostrophe rite. 54 
Largitur linguam Prosopopoeia rrmtis. 55 

EXEMPLA. 
iroKkoi <pu<ru (Zx^&tgot ovvcuwrtv 'h/uuv, aaa' axjrot 'EhXttvts, a jui^oCst^Cs^ot, 
ctKis/u&. — Plat, in Menex. 

Neque enim Pelopes, neque Cadmi, neque JEgyptii et Da- 
nai, neque alii multi origine Barbari una nobiseum habi- 
tant ; sed nos ipsi Hellenes, non cum Barbaiis commixti, 
habitamus. 

53. Vina, bonus quae deinde cadis onerat Acestes, 

Litore Trinacrio, dederatque abeuntibus heros. — Virg. 

(Ordo hie erat: Deinde heros dividit vina, quae bonus 
Acestes, &c.) 

— Agytioi h fxry isi^cv, */u<pt h vmc 
'S.juSg'fctKiov KovcL&icriLV , aLumvrw i v7r > A%aua>v y 
Mu&jv ercttvua-cLvn; OJWtwoj 3so*o.--- Horn. 
Argivi vero altura clamabant, circumcircaque naves 
Terribiliter sonitum reddebant, clamitantibus Achivis, 
Sermonem collaudantes Ulyssis divini. 
(Ordo namque orationis est, Agyvoi Si/mry* la^ov, 
MuScv enrtuvwrcivris Qfv<r<rms &uoio) 

54.— Et auro 

Vi potitur. Quid non mortalia pectora cogis, 
Auri sacra fames 1 — Virg. 
Vos, vos appello, fortissimi viri, qui multum pro repub- 
lica sanguihem effudistis. — Cic. pro Mil. 

Vos enim, Albani tumuli, atque luci, vos, inquam, im- 
ploro atque obtestor, &c. — Id. 

— Pereunt Hypanisque Dymasque 
Confixi a sociis : nee te, tua plurima, Pantheu, 
Labentem pietas, nee Apollinis infula texit ! — Virg. 

AXX' CWfc i^TlV, GVX. ZTT1V, OTTCei H/XUgTiTi CLV$£iS A&UVCtlOt, TOV V7Tf£ T»? 

tt7ravrc6V «xa/9sg/st? sail trcnTngtctc Ktvfuvov at^cL/uivor Ovjua t«? tv MctgstQuvf 

TrgOKnfvViVO-AVrclS T« 7Tg0yOVCeV, AdU TS? tV TlXiCTtUallS TTAgATA^OLJUltVCVS, KU4 

Tfc? ev 1aL\ct/uivi vAujuat,^>)irAvrcig, mu <ra? wr 1 Agrz/uutria), km 9ro*.\cvc 
1 imgouc, tx( ev ret? S»/uo<riois juvm/uuhti Kuy.ei/ovs, evyoiQcvs uvSgat. — De- 
most. Orat. pro Cor. 

55. Etenim si mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo est 

Derivationes. 
53. ab 'vTrtgGxjva, transgredior. 54. ab«t:*wrg«<p&>, averto. 55. arrga- 
rc»7rcv, persona, et notta, facio. 



S8 ELEMENTA RHETORIC*. 

• 

Figures. Minor es. 
Vocibus abundat Pleonasmus, et emphasin auget. 56 
Dicitur Ellipsis, si ad sensum dictio desit. 57 
Res specie varias Synathraeamus congerit una. 58 

EX1MPLA. 

carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis respublica loquatur : M. 
Tulli, quid agis 1— Cic. in Cat. 

Patria tecum, Catilina, sic agit, et quodammodo tacita 
loquitur .• Nullum jam tot annos facinus extitit, nisi per te. 
—Id. 

Quamobrem si cruentum gladium tenens clamaret T. 
Annius, addste, quaeso, atque audite, cives, P. Clodium in- 
terfeci : ejus furores, quos nullis jam legibus, nullis judi- 
ciis frenare poteramus, hoc ferro et hac dextera a cervici- 
bus vestris repuli ; per me,utunum jus, aequitas, leges, li- 
bertas, pudor, pudicitia in civitate manerent ; esset vero 
timendum, quonammodo id factum feret ci vitas •;. nunc enim 
quis est, qui non probet? qui non laudet? — Cic. pro Mil. 

Aut conjurato descendens Dacus ab Istro. — Virg. 

Virtus sumit aut ponit secures. — Hor. 
I Arbore nunc aquas culpante. — Id. 

56. Satin' hoc certum 1 certum : hisce oculis egomet vidi.— 
Ter. Adelp. 

Sic ore locuta est.— Virg. 

K*xov ef" outcc eyav owce ftfov o^8*X^co/cr/y. — Horn. 

Pulchrum autem adeo ego nondum vidi oculis. 
Aaa' cty*r\ etuttv Trans &a>i>n%o/!Aiv viae A^eucev. — Horn. 

Verum agite, si quo modo armemus filios Achivorum.. 

57. Triduo. abs. te nullas acceperam, (sc. epistolas.J — 
Cic. 

Rhodum volo, ind-e Athenas, (i. e. ire.)— Id. 
Civica donatus, (i. e. corona.)— Liv. Dii meliora, Ci. e» 
faciant.) — Cic. 

58. Grammaticus, Rhetor, Geometres, Pictor, Aliptes 
Augur, Schcenobates, Medicus, Magus, omnia novit.-Juv-. 

— faces in castra tulissemj 
Implessemque foros ilammis : natumque patremque 

Derivationes. 
56. a !T\flo»at^«, reduiujo. 57. ab s\\6wa, deficio. 58. a <rvvstB^oi^t f 
congrego. 



KLoctJTio, 89 

Hendiadi verbis res dicitur unica binis. 59 
Quod meruit primum, vult Hysteron esse secundum. 60 
Casu transposito submutat Hypallage verba. 61 
Hellenismus erit phrasis aut constructio Graeca. 62 
Propositum propriis probat JEtiologia causis. 63 

EXEMPLA. 

Cum genere extinxem : memet super ipsa dedissem. — 
Virg. 

Nihil ex istalaude Centurio, nihil Praefectus, nihil Co- 
nors, nihil Turma decerpit. — Cic. pro Marcel. 

59. — hie fertilis uvae, 
Hie laticis ; qualem pateris libamus et auro, 

(pro aureis pateris.) — Virg. 
Nee mihi displiceat maculis insignis et albo, 
(pro albis maculis.) — Id. 

60. — moriamur, et in media arma ruamus. — Virg. 
Me, me : adsum qui feci ; in me convertite ferrum, 

O Rutuli, mea fraus omnis. — Id. 

Valet atque vivit. — Ter. Heaut. 

61. In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas 
Corpora, ('pro corpora mutata in novas formas.) — Ov. 

Met. 

Necdum illis labra admovi, sed condita servo, 
(pro ilia labr is.) —Virg. 

— dare classibus austros, 
(pro classes austris.) — Id. 

62. Et qua pauper aquas Daunus agrestium 

Regnavit populorum. 
(pro regnator populorum.) — Hor. 
Desine mollium querelarum. — Id. Desine clamorum. 

63. Sperne voluptates ; nocet empta dolor e voluptas. 

Mw 7rhctviurQr Osc? a p.VK,r»t>t£irrcu' 'o yct^ $u.y oyrvgn uvQ^am-o; , nero not 
$-«gw«/. Gal. vi. 7. 

Ne errate ? Deus non irridetur ; quod enim seminave- 
rit homo hoc et metet. 

Derivationes. 
59. ab <«v, unum, et Sin, per, et ivo, duo. 60. ab 'u<rr$>ev, poste- 
rius. 61. ab Wo, in, et oxkattu), muto. 62. ab Wwwfa, Gree^ 
loquor. 63. ab (urtoteyw, rationem reddo. 

9* ^^ 



90 ELEMENTA RHETORICS. 

Voce interposita per Tmesin verbula scindas. 64^ 
Antimeria solet pro parte apponere partem. 65 
Inversis vertit sensum Antimetabole verbis. 66 
Explicat, oppositum addens-, Paradiastole recte. 6.7 

EXEMPLA. 

64. Quo nos cunque feret melior fortuna parente, 
\ Ibimus, O socii comitesque. — Hor. 

Quern fors dierum cunque dabit, lucro 
appone. — Id. 

Quse me cunque vocant terras. — Virg. 
Talis HyperboTeo Septem subjecta trioni 
Gens effrena virum. — Id. 
AITO jusv <pi\ct ti/xxrx AT2fl. — Horn. 

65. Sole rectus orto, aut noctem ducentibus astris, . 

(pro sole recenter orto, &c.) — Virg. 

66. Poema est pictura loquens, pictura est mutum poema. 

Etenim, cum sit artifex ejusmodi, ut solus dignus 
videatur esse, qui scenam introeat; turn vir ejusmodi est, 
ut solus videatur dignus, qui eo non accedat. — Cic. pro 
Sext. Rose. 

Ow yap l o &&&, Trout etyaBov atxx' 'o a &iXa> itastav thto 7rgaurTo>. — 
Rom. vii. 19. 

Non enim quod volo, facio bonum,. sed quod non voTo 
malum hoc ago. 

67. Premitur virtus non opprimitur. — 

Non formosus erat, sed erat facundus Ulysses. — Ov. 

Non enim furem, sed direptorem ; non adulterum, sed 
expugnatorem pudicitiee. — Cic in Ver. 
Non sapiens, sed astutus. — 

Ey irctvTi S-AiCbyUSW, oxk' h o^r&fc^agn/ut.evoi' a.7rognfx&oi^ olkk 1 xk t£a.7rc- 
gitfA&ot' SiG>K0/umi, «ax' ax. % eyKd.TstKU7roju.e]/or x,&ra£*.Khojuwoi } cLKk' mc at 
7roKKv/umi. — 2 Cor. iv. 8, 9- 

In omni tribulati, sed non coarctati ; haesitantes, sed 
non prorsus haerentes ; persequutionem passi, sed non de- 
serti ; dejecti, sed non perditi. 

Derivationes. 
64. a Ti(xw> vel Tft««, seco. 65. abavrv, pro, et jut^oc, pars, 
ngo.. etvrt, contra, et^usraCstAA*, inverto. 67. a 7rn^stStx<rrihxce, dis 
66abju 



EL0CUTI0. 91 

Tota intervallis dat Epimone carmina certis. ^68 
Jlntiptasis amat pro casu ponere casum. 69 

De Figuris Orthographic*. 
Prosthesis apponit capiti ; sed JLpharesis aufert. 70, 71 
Syncope de medio tollit; sed Epenthesis addit. 72, 73 

EXEMPLA. 

68. Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. — Virg. 
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnin. — Id, 

A^^,6T«Baixo\/x.st?, MaTett cpi\su, «g^,sr' etoiScL?. — Theoc. Idyl. 1. 

69. Urbem quam statuo, vestra est ; subducite naves. 

(pro urbs quam statuo, &c.) — Virg. 
Nominativus etiam ssepe provocativo usurpatur, ut 
apud Homerum in Iliad, i. v. 596. 

— Mn<^i a-t Ssu/utev 
EvtcwBa <rgfr|«/s, <pt\os 
Et illud Ejusdem in Odyss. y. 375. 
Q qihos, a cri ioXTr* kmcov kou hvaxkiv tT&rQcu. — Horn. 
(Duobus his in locis, qixos ponitur pro qtxe.) 

70. Gnatum. pro natum ; eaJacg pro i\Jmg 

Gnatum exhortarer, ni mistus matre Sabella. — Virgv 

— r-oSi y.oi -Kgnwqv &}Ja>g. — Hom. 

71. Mitte, pro omitte ; at* pro youx ; xavapro ac«y«, 

Mitte, sectari, rosa quo locorum 
Sera moretur. — Hor. 
Sic <^a.T0T- reus tf ' nS» KX.rt%ev qv<rigoo? eun. — Hom. 
$» ymg oy ougaa-itv Ugnt/u.ou 7ro>jv ufAom kuvo> } 
NJHTVCff. — Id. 

72. Periclis, pro periculis ; 7retrgi, pro Trctrigi. 

I Deseris ; heu tantis nequidquam erepte periclis. — Virg\ 
Ilg/v y a.7ro 7r*r£i <pihu> Jo/usv&i eKiKwrtSa, Kcvgw. — Hom. 

73. Relliquias, pro reliquias ; vaa-cv, pro vorcv ; gwot, pro|sro? , . 
Troas relliquias Danaum atque immitis Achillei.-Virg-. 

Nfc^OV UVA (TTgCtTOV CDg'/S K'XX.W OXIKZVTO Si XX.01. Hom. 

'H go. yv fj.oi %uvo?, Trurgooioi vrvi 7rct\*ios. — Id. 

Derivation's. 
68. ab arifjL&ce 7 permaneo. 69. ab etvn, pro, et 7r<Tco<ric, casus. 
70. a 7rgoc-rtQ»iuu, appono. 71. ab et^cumco, aufero. 72. ugvv, con,„et 
K«rTa,scindo. 73. ab, sn, in et &tiQ»/m, insero. 



92 ELEMENTA RHETORICS. 

Abstrahit Apocope fini ; sed dat Paragoge. 74, 75 
Metathesis de sede movens elementa reponit. 76 
Antistoichon et Antithesis elementa refingunt. 77 

De Figuris Prosodice. 
M vorat Ecthlipsis ,- sed vocalem Synalaepha, 78, 79 
Systole corripit, extenditque Diastole tempus. 80, 81 

EXEMPLA. 

74. Pecull, pro peculii ; oti, pro otii ; Ja> pro Sup*.. 
Nee spes libertatis erat ; nee cura peculi. — Virg. 
Illo Virgilium me tempore dulcis alebat 
Parthenope, studiis florentem ignobilis oti. — Id. 

Ksu tot' vrurct to/ eiptAios ttoti xj*.\koG'x<tH Sa>. — Horn. 

75. Immiscerier, pro immisceri ; efisxwcrflat, pro c9c\w 

Sin maculae incipient rutilo immiscerier igni.— Virg. 
&k\* pax' tiDWKos to. Q^z^i'JU, aura-' 1 tQttoarQct. — Horn. 

76. Thymbre, pro Thymber; nctgru, pro k^atu ; xgolw, pro 
KAgSm. 

Nam tibi Thymbre, caput Evandrius abstulit ensis.— 
Virg. 

— Hvog&t mawoi x*t K&gru x il i m ' — Horn. 
OivoGcLgi$,}tvvos o/j./j.ct,r i%aiv KgaStnv ef ihobepoto. — Id. 

77. Olli, pro illi ; volgus, pro vulgus ; ^«^tt*v pro 

/u&J<T<rctv . 

Olli coeruleus supra caput adstitit imber. — Virg. 
Quod volgus servorum solet. — Ter. And. 

E§o>? ttot ev grJcttri 

Koiju.a>y.ivnv /uiktrrcLV 

Ovk zsJiv ctKk' erpGoQn.— Anac. 

78. Italiam, Italiam primus conclamat Achates. — Virg. 
curas hominum ! O quantum est in rebus in- 
ane. — Pers. 

79. Conticuere omnes, intentiqwe ora tenebant. — Virg. 
Dardanid^e muris ; spes addita suscitat iras. — Id. 

Ous x&> sy "yvow, tixt rxvojuat juuQn<rcU]u»v.--Hom. 

80. Tulerunt, pro tulerunt; Baro/usv, pro Butrce/cMv. 
Matri longa decern tulerunt fastidia menses. — Virg. 

Derivariones. 
74. ab ct?ro, ab, et mTrree, scindo. 75. a sraga, praeter, et ayte, 
duco. 76. a/ztsrai, trans, et nBvjui, pono. 77. ab wt/, contra, et 
tiBh/ui, pono. 78. ab ac9x<6», elido. 79. a <ruvci\ti<*>u>, conglutino. 
80. a <rwT<ri\xa>, contraho. 81. a cJWt«\md, produco. 



Conficit exbinis contracta Synaeresis unam. 82 
Dividit in binas resoluta Diaeresis unam. 83 



EXEMPLA. 

— Av (f ' etUTHV XevtTiilScl KXKhl7rcLgMV 

Buo-o usv . — Horn . 

81. Priamiden, pro Priamiden; amor, pro amor. 
Atque hie Priamiden laniatum corpore toto. — Virg. 
Considant, sitantus amor, et mo3nia condant. — Id. 

Iefov ouoxov l o<ptv. — Horn 

82. Seu lento fuerint alvearia vimine texta. — Virg. 
Unius ob noxam et furius Ajacis Oilei. — Id. 

AXKa. 7ra/rng oujuo; QgZTl (/.cuverciu ovk. aLyciBttcri. — Horn. 

83. Aurai trissyllabum, pro aurae dissyllabo; siluae pro 
silvae. 

^Ethereum sensum, atque aurai simplicis ignem. — Virg. 
Nivesque deducunt Jovem ; nunc mare nunc siluae. — Hor. 

Derivationes. 

82. a gvYU^ce, connecto. 83. a imtetco, divide. 



PART IV. 



PRONUNCIATION.* 

What is Pronunciation % 

A conformity of the voice and gesture to the subject. 
What is its object? 

To transfuse into others our own ideas and emotions. 
How is this to be accomplished 1 

By being moved ourselves with the passions we desire 
to excite in others. 

Into how many parts is Pronunciation divided ? 
Two ; Voice and Gesture. 

*" Pronunciation," says Cicero to Herennius, w is a graceful 
management of the Voice, Countenance and Gesture." 

"Action," says Cicero in his Oratore, "is the predominant 
power in eloquence. Without it the best speaker can have no 
name, and with it a middling one may obtain the»highest." 

" Pronunciation," says Quintilian, " is called by most authors 
Action ; but the former name seems rather to agree with the 
Voice, and the latter with the Gesture." 

Cicero and Quintilian relate that Demosthenes being asxed 
what was the greatest excellency in oratory, gave the preference 
to Pronunciation, and assigned to it the second and third place, 
until no further question was put to him ; by which it appeared 
that he judged it to be, not so much the principal as the only ex- 
cellency. 

Cicero, in his third book de Oratore, says : " For nature has 
given every passion its peculiar expression in the look, the 
voice, and the gesture ; and the whole frame, the look and voice 
of a man are responsive to the passions of the mind, as the 
strings of a musical instrument are to the fingers that touch 
them." 

Quintilian says : " Now as all action, as I said, is divided into 
two parts, Voice and Gesture ; of which one strikes the eyes, 
the other the ears, through which two senses every passion has 
access to the mind, I shall speak first of the Voice, to which the 
Gesture is supposed to conform itself." 



PRONUNCIATION. 95 

What is Voice % 

Voice is a kind of sound which influences the passions, 
either by raising or allaying- them. * 

What does voice comprise ? 

Accent, Emphasis, Tone and Pause. 

What is Accent ? 

Accent is the laying of a peculiar stress of the voice on 
a certain letter or syllable in a word, that it may be better 
heard than the rest, or distinguished from them. 

What is meant by Emphasis 1 

A stronger and fuller sound of the voice, by which we 
distinguish some word or words on which we design to lay 
particular stress, and to show how they affect the rest of 
the sentence. 

* Cicero, in his third book de Oratore, chapter 60, says : " But 
the chief excellence to be admired, in a good delivery, is a fine 
voice. If an orator possess not a good voice, it ought, such as it is, 
to be improved." And in the same chapter he says : " Nothing 
tends more to acquire an agreeable voice in speaking than 
frequently to relax it, by passing from one strain to another, and 
nothing tends more to injure it than violent exertion unrelieved 
by modulation. What gives greater pleasure to our ears, and 
more charm to delivery, than judicious transitions, variety and 
change ? Therefore, Catulus, you might have heard from Lici- 
nius, who is your client, a man of learning, and the secretary of 
Gracchus, that Gracchus made use of an ivory flute, which a 
man who stood privately behind him, while he was speaking, 
touched so skilfully, that he immediately struck the proper 
note, when he wanted either to quicken or to soften the vehe- 
mence of his voice." 

Emphatica, aliaque prsecipuse notce verba, preesertim Antithe- 
ta, seu invicem respondentia, et tropi figurseque insigniores, pau- 
lo altiorem vocis et tonum et sonum requirunt. — Butler. 

Vox, quatenus ad orationis partes, sit in Exordio verecunda, 
in Narratione aperta, in Propositione clarior, in Confirmatione 
fortis, in Confutatione severior, in Conclusione ezcitata, quasi 
parta victoria. — Butler et Dugard. 

Vox, ratione affectuum seu passionum, sit in Commiseratione 
jlexibilis, in Iracundia incitata, in Metu demissa in Voluptate 
hilirata, in Dolore tristis, in blandiendo, fatendo, satisfaciendo, 
rogando, et suadendo, submissa, in monendo etpromittendo /or- 
ris, in consolando blanda, in laudando, gratias agendo, et simili- 
bus lata, magnified, et sublimis. — Id. 



96 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

What relation exists between Accent and Emphasis^ 

Accent has the same relation to words that Emphasis 
has to sentences. 

In what do tones consist ? 

In the modulation of the voice, the notes or variations of 
sound which we employ in public speaking. 

What are Pauses? 

Pauses or rests in speaking-, are a total cessation of the 
voice, during a perceptible, and, in many cases a measurable, 
space of time. 

What is Gesture 1 

The accommodation of the attitude to the several parts 
of a discourse ; — " The suiting of the action to the 
word."* 

* " But all these emotions," says Cicero in his third book de 
Oratore, chapter 59, " ought to be accompanied with Gesture ) 
not theatrical gesture, limited to particular words, but extended 
to the whole discourse ; aiding the sense, not by pointing, but by 
emphasis, astrong manly action, borrowed from the use of arms, 
or the school of arts, arid not from stage performers. The hand 
ought not to saw the air, and the fingers in moving should follow 
the words, and not precede, as it were, to point them out. The 
arm should be stretched forward, as if to brandish the bolts of 
eloquence ; and the stamping the foot ought to take place, either 
in the beginning or the end of a debate. But all depends upon 
the face, and all power of the face is centred in the eyes. This 
our old men are the best judges of; for they were not lavish of 
their applause, even to Roscius when he was in a mask. All 
action depends upon the passions, of which the face is the pic- 
ture and the eyes the interpreters. For this is the only part of 
the body that can express all the passions ; nor can any one who 
looks another way create the same emotions. Theophrastus 
used to apply to one Tauriscus, who averted his face from the 
audience when he was repeating his part, the epithet Jfoersus. 
Therefore a great deal consists in the right management of the 
eyes, for the features of the face ought not to be altered too 
much, lest we become ridiculous or disgustful. It is by its vi- 
vidness, or the langour of the eye, by a dejected, or a cheerful 
look, that we express the emotions of the heart, and accommodate 
what we say, to what we feel. Action is, as it were, the lan- 
guage of the body, and therefore ought to correspond to the 
thought." And in the same chapter he says : " But nature has 
given a particular force to all the modifications of action y there- 



PRONUNCIATION. 97 

How many kinds of Gesture are there.'? 

Two : Natural and Imitative. 

What is Natural Gesture % 

When the actions and motions of the body, as naturally 
accompany our words, as these do the impressions of our mind. 

What is Imitative Gesture 1 

When the orator describes some action, or personates 
another speaking. 

How is the gesture of an orator to be regulated ? 

By an exact and easy imitation of the operations of nature. 

fore we see it has great effect upon the ignorant, the vulgar, and 
the greatest upon foreigners who are unacquainted with our 
tongue. Words affect none but him who understands the lan- 
guage; and sentiments that are pointed, often escape the undis- 
cerning. But an action expressive of the passions of the mind, 
is a language universally understood : for the same expressions 
have the same effects in all circumstances, and all men know 
them in others by the same characters which express them in 
themselves." 

The following extracts on Gesture are from Quintilian's In- 
stitutes, Book xi., Chapter iii. 

" But the countenance is what is most powerful. By it, we 
appear suppliant, menacing, mild, mournful, joyful, proud, sub- 
missive. From it men hang as it were, on it they look, and even 
examine it before we speak." 

"A moderate projection of the arm, the shoulders being kept still, 
and the fingers opening as the hand advances, is very becoming 
for continued and smoothly running passages. But when some- 
thing of greater elegance, or of finer fancy, is to be said, as 
" the rocks and solitudes are responsive to the voice ;" then it 
expatiates to the side, and the words come pouring out as it 
were with the gesture. 

" But the hands, without which all gesture would be maimed 
and weak, have a greater variety of motions than can be well 
expressed; being emulous to express almost every word. Do 
we not desire with them, promise, call, dismiss, threaten, be- 
seech, detest, fear, inquire, and deny ? Do they not express joy, 
sorrow, doubt, confession, penitence, measure, abundance, num- 
ber, and time ? Do they not excite, restrain, prove, admire, and 
shame ? Whence, among the great diversity of languages of all 
nations and people, the hands seem to me the common language 
of all mankind." 

u The hand begins with great propriety on the left side, to 
10 



98 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

rest on the right ; hut it should appear to be laid down, and not 
to strike ; though in the end it sometimes falls, yet soon to return ; 
and sometimes rebounds, in the action of denying or admiring. 
" Hence the ancient masters of art are correct in adding a pre- 
cept, that the hand should begin and rest with the sense. Other- 
wise the gesture would be either before the voice or after it, 
which would be unseemly. Nor should the hand rise higher 
than the eyes, nor fall lower than the breast. 

" The left hand never properly performs gesture alone, but fre- 
quently accompanies and conforms itself to the motions of the 
right, whether we digest our arguments on our fingers, or show 
aversion by turning out the palms of our hands to the left, or 
extending them forwards ; or whether we stretch them out on 
both sides, either in an attitude of making satisfaction, or be- 
ing suppliants. 

" We must take care that the breast and belly do not project 
too far. The sides ought also to agree with the gesture ; for the 
motion of the whole body is of some effect, and Cicero thinks it 
does more than the hands themselves, as appears by what he 
says in his Orator : 'Let there be no affected motions of the 
fingers, as of their joints falling in cadence ; rather let the ora- 
tor's action proceed from the motion of his whole body, and a 
manly flexibility of his sides." 

" To strike the thigh, a gesture first supposed to be practised 
at Athens by Cleon, is customary, and becomes indignant emo- 
tions, and serves to excite the attention of the auditory. Cicero 
thus censures Callidius for omitting it : " No smiting his fore- 
head; no striking his thigh; no, not even a stamp of the foot, 
the least thing that might be naturally expected.' 

" To stamp the foot, may occasionally be seasonable, espe- 
cially, as Cicero says, in the beginning or end of contests ; but, 
when used too often, it makes a man appear silly, and takes off 
from the party the attention and notice of the judge." 

In Actione igitur summum studium duo summi oratores De- 
mosthenes et Cicero posuere. Demosthenes speculum grande 
intuens composuit Actionem et gestus corporis, et Satyrum his- 
trionem ad eas artes magistrum adhibuit. Cicero histrionibus, 
Roscio comcedo, iEsopo tragoedo, usus est. Ipsi etiam Socrates, 
Plato, et Quintilianus probarunt et collaudarunt. — Butler. 

Actio semper sit non modo varia et decora, sed etiam nee ni- 
mia nee affectata, at naturae congruens. Trunco igitur totius 
corporis orator seipsum moderetur ; Actioque propria comitetur 
omnes Vocis flexiones atque animi motus. — Id. 

Status corporis sit erectus. Humeri debent aequi esse et recti. 
Brachia modice projiciantur, et dextrum potius quam sinistrum 
faciat gestum. Supplosio pedum parce utatur. Pectus parce 
feriatur, et femur in affectibus vehementioribus. — Cic. 



PRONUNCIATION. 99 

I. 

THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES OF SENTENCES, ORATIONS, &C, ARE 
DESIGNED TO EXERCISE THE STUDENT IN PRONUNCIATION. 

Commiseration and Grief* 

Wretch that I am ! Whither shall I retreat ? Whither 
shall I turn me ? To the Capitol 1 The Capitol streams 
with my brother's blood : To my family 1 There must I 
see a wretched, a mournful, and afflicted mother ? 

(Cicero, extolling this passage of Gracchus, says : '* it 
appears that those words were accompanied with such ex- 
pression in his eyes, voice, and gesture, that even his 
enemies could not refrain from tears.") 



Entreaty. 

Fathers ! Senators of Rome ! the arbiters of the world ! 
to you I fly for refuge from the murderous fury of Jugur- 
tha. By your affection for your children ; by your love 
for your country ; by your own virtues ; by the majesty 
of the Roman Commonwealth! by all that is sacred, and 
all that is dear to you — deliver a wretched prince from un- 
deserved, unprovoked injury ; and save the kingdom 
of Numidia, which is your own property, from being 
the prey of violence, usurpation, and cruelty. — Sall. 

* Horace in his Art of Poetry says : " Pathetic accents suit a 
melancholy countenance ; words full of menaces require an an- 
gry aspect ; wanton expressions, a sportive look ; and serioua 
matter, an austere one." 

And Cicero, in his third book de Oratore, says : " Anger has a 
peculiar pronunciation, whichis quick, sharp, and broken. The 
tone of Pity and Grief is different; it is full, moving, broken, 
and mournful. Fear is low, diffident, and humble : Vehemence 
demands a strain that is intense, strong, and majestically threat- 
ening. Pleasure is diffusive, soft, tender, cheerful and gay : 
Uneasiness is of another sort, it is oppressive without commiser- 
ation, and its tone is grave and uniform." 



100 



ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC 



ANGER. THREATENING. 



Satan's speech to Death stopping his passage through the gale 
of Hell ; with the answer. 

Whence, and what art thou, execrable shape ! Quest, 

That dar'st, tho' grim and terrible, advance with 

Thy miscreated front athwart my way anger. 

To yonder gates 1 through them I mean to pass, Resol. 
That be assur'd, without leave ask'd of thee : Contempt. 
Retire ; or taste thy folly, and learn by proof, Threat- 

Hell-born ! not to contend with sp'rits of Heav'n. ening. 
To whom the goblin full of wrath replied, 
Art thou that traitor angel, art thou he, Anger, 

Who first broke peace in Heav'n, and faith, till then 
Unbroken, and in proud, rebellious arms 
Drew after him the third part of Heav'n's sons 
Conjur'd against the Highest, for which both thou 
And they, outcast from God, art here condemn'd 
To waste eternal days in woe and pain ? 
And reckon'st thou thyself with sp'rits of Heav'n, Con- 
Hell-doom'd ! and breath'st de-fiance here and scorn, tempt 
Where I reign king, and, to enrage thee more, with anger. 
Thy king and lord 1 Back to thy punishment, Pride. 

False fugitive ! and to thy speed add wings, Threaten- 
Lest with a whip of scorpions I pursue ing. 

Thy ling'ring, or with one stroke of this dart 
Strange horror seize thee, and pangs unfelt before. 

Milt. Parad. Lost, B. ii. 601. 



PRONUNCIATION- 101 



ANXIETY. RESOLUTION. 

CATO'S SOLILOQUY. 

Cato sitting in a thoughtful posture. In his hand Plato's book 
on the immortality of the soul. A drawn sword on the table 
by him. After a long pause, he lays down the book, and 



It must be so — Plato, thou reason'st well ! Deep Contemp. 
Else, whence this pleasing hope, this fond desire, a Comfort. 
This longing after immortality 1 Desire. 

Or whence this secret dread, and inward horror 
Of falling into nought 1 Why shrinks the soul Fear. 

Back on herself, and startles at destruction? 
'Tis the Divinity that stirs within us ; Awe. 

'Tis Heav'n itself that points out an hereafter, 
And intimates eternity to man. 

b Eternity! thou pleasing* dreadful -[thought ! *Satisfac. 
Through what variety of untried being, -\Apprehen. 

Through what new scenes and changes must we pass? 
The wide, th' unbounded prospect lies before me; 
But shadows, clouds, and darkness, rest upon it. Anxiety. 
||Here will I hold :± If there's a pow'r above us ; || Courage. 
(And, that there is, all nature cries aloud £ Ven. 
Through all her works,) He must delight in virtue, 
And that, which he delights in, must be happy. Satisf. 
But when ! or where !-This world was made for Caesar. Anx. 
I'm weary of conjectures. — **This must end them. **Cour. 
(Laying his hand on his sword.) 
Thus am I doubly armed c ; my death, and life ; Firmness , 

a] » this fond desire," may be spoken with the right hand laid 
on the breast. 

b]" Eternity ! thou pleasing/'&c. requires an eye fixed, with 
profound thoughtfulness, on one point, throughout this line. 

c}" My death, and life," &c. Long pauses between, and point- 
ing, or looking at the sword in pronouncing "my death," and 
at the book in pronouncing " and life," and so in " my bane and 
antidote," and in the two following lines. 
10* 



102 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC, 

My bane, and antidote ; are both before me : 

This, in a moment, brings me to an end ; Appreh. 

Bat this informs me, I shall never die: Com/. 

The soul, d secur'd in her existence, smiles Noble. 

At the drawn dagger, and defies its point. Pride. 

The stars' shall fade away, the Sun himself Triumph. 

Grow dim with age, and nature sink in years ; 

f But thou shalt flourish in immortal youth, 

s Unhurt amidst the war of elements, 

h The wreck of matter and the crush of worlds. 

Addison. 



hamlet's soliloqy. 
Doubting. — Vexation. — Serious Reflection. 
To be — or not to be — that is the question— Anxiety. 
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer 
The stings and arrows of outrageous fortune ; 
Or to take arms against a host of troubles, Cour. 
And, by opposing, end them? — *But to die — *Deep thought- 
To sleep — No more 1 — And by a sleep to end fulness. 

The heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks, Vexat. 
That flesh is heir to — 'tis a consummation 
Devoutly to be wishM-f To die-To s\eep--\T7iougkt fulness. 
To sleep- i Perchance to dream- A startling thought-^ Appreh. 
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, 
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, 
Must give us pause. — There's the respect, 

d] " The soul," &c. may be pronounced with the right hand 
laid on the breast. 

e] " The stars, "&c. my be spoken with the eyes raised toward 
Heaven, and the arms moderately spread. 

f] " But thou shalt flourish," &c. the right hand upon the 
breast. 

g]" Unhurt," &c. the arms spread again as before. 

h] " the crush," &c. the hands brought together with force. 



PRONUNCIATION. I0S 

That makes calamity of so long life : 

For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, Vexation. 

Th' oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely, 

The pangs of love despised, the law's delay, Anguish. 

The insolence of office, and the spurns, 

That patient merit of the unworthy takes ; . Meek. 

When he himself might his quietus make 

With a bare bodkin 1 who would bend to earth, Cour. 

And groan and sweat under a weary life 1 Comp. 

But that the dread of something after death, Fear, 

(That undiscovered country, from whose bourn 

No traveller returns) puzzles the will, 

And makes us rather bear those ills we have, 

Than fly to others, that we know not yet? 

Thus conscience does make cowards of us all : 

And thus the native hue of resolution 

Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought, 

And enterprises of great strength and moment, 

With this regard their currents turn away 

And lose the name of action. 

Shaksp. 

VI. 
BRUTUS' ORATION ON CJESAr's DEATH. 

Romans, Countrymen, and Lovers ! — Hear me for my 
cause ; and be silent, that ye may hear ! Believe me, for 
mine honour ; and have respect to mine honour, that you 
may believe ! Censure me in your wisdom ; and awake 
your senses, that you may the better judge! If there be 
any in this&ss'eifibly, any dear friend of Caesar's ; to him 
I say, that Brutus' love to Caesar was no less than his. 
If, then, that friend demand, why Brutus rose against Cae- 
sar, this is my answer : Not that I loved Caesar less, but 
that I loved Rome more. Had you rather Caesar were liv- 



104 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

ing, and die all slaves ; than that Caesar were dead and 
live all freemen 1 

As Caesar loved me, I weep for him ; as he was fortu- 
nate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him : but, 
as he was ambitious, I slew him. There are tears for his 
love, joy for his fortune, honour for his valour, and death 
for his ambition. 

Who's here so base, that would be a bondman ? if 
any, speak ; for him have I offended. Who's here so 
rude, that would not be a Roman ] if any, speak ; for him 
have I offended. Who's here so vile, that will not love 
his country 1 if any, speak ; for him have I offended. — I 
pause for a reply — Since none is made, then none have 
I offended. 

I have done no more to Caesar, than you shall do to 
Brutus. The question of his death is enrolled in the Ca- 
pitol : his glory not extenuated, wherein he was worthy; 
nor his offences enforced, for which lie suffered death. 

Here comes his body, mourned by Mark Antony : who, 
though he had no hand in his death, shall receive the be- 
nefit of his dying, a place in the commonwealth ; as which 
of you shall not ] With this I depart ; that, as I slew my 
best lover, for the good of Rome ; I have the same dagger 
for myself, when it shall please my country to need my 
death. 

Shaksp. Jul. Caes. Act. in. 

VII. 
PHOCIAS' SOLILOQUY. 

Farewell, and think of death ! — Was it not so ? 
Do'murderers then preach morality 1 
But, how to think of, what the living know not,j 
And the dead cannot or else may not tell ? — 
What art thou, O thou great mysterious terror ! 
The way to thee we know ; diseases, famine, 



PRONUNCIATION. 105 

Sword, fire, and all thy ever-open gates, 

Which day and night stand ready to receive us. 

But, what's beyond them ?— Who will draw that veil ? 

Yet death's not there : — No, 'tis a point of time, 

The verge 'twixt mortal and immortal being: 

It mocks our thought ! — On this side all is life ; 

And when we've reach 'd it, in that very instant 

'Tis past the thinking of! — O ! if it be 

The pangs, the throes, the agonizing struggle, 

When soul and body part; sure I have felt it, 

And there's no more to fear. 



DOUGLAS ACCOUNT OF HIMSELF. 

My name is Norval. On the Grampian hills 

My father feeds his flocks ; a frugal swain, 

Whose constant cares were to increase his store, 

And keep his only son, myself, at home : 

For I had heard of battles, and Ilong'd 

To follow to the field some warlike lord ; 

And heav'n soon granted what my sire denied. 

This moon, which rose last night, round as my shield, 

Had not yet fill'd her horns, when, by her light, 

A band of fierce barbarians, from the hills, 

Rush'd like a torrent, down upon the vale, 

Sweeping our flocks and herds. The shepherds fled 

For safety and for succour. I alone, 

With bended bow, and quiver full of arrows, 

Hover'd about the enemy, and mark'd 

The road they took, then hasted to my friends ; 

Whom, with a troop of fifty chosen men, 

I met advancing. The pursuit I led, 

Till we o'ertook the spoil-encumber'd foe. 

We fought — and conquered. Ere a sword was drawn,. 

An arrow from my bow had pierc'd their chief, 



106 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

Who wore that day the arms which now I wear. 

Returning home in triumph, I disdain'd 

The shepherd's slothful life, and, having heard 

That our good king had summon'd his bold peers 

To lead their warriors to the Carron side, 

I left my father's house, and took with me 

A chosen servant to conduct my steps : — 

Yon trembling coward, who forsook his master. 

Journeying with this intent, I pass'd these towers ; 

And, Heav'n-directed, came this day to do 

The happy deed that gilds my humble name. 

IX. 

CATO'S SENATE. 

Cato. Fathers, we once again are met in council : 
Caesar's approach has summon'd us together, 
And Rome attends her fate from our resolves. 
How shall we treat this bold, aspiring man ? 
Success still follows him, and backs his crimes : 
Pharsalia gave him Rome, Egypt has since 
Receiv'd his yoke, and the whole Nile is Caesar's. 
Why should I mention Juba's overthrow, 
And Scipio's death? Numidia's burning sands 
Still smoke with blood. 'Tis time we should decree 
What course to take. Our foe advances on us, 
And envies us even Libya's sultry deserts. 
Fathers, pronounce your thoughts ; are they still fix'd 
To hold it out, and fight it to the last 1 ? 
Or are your hearts subdued at length, and wrought 
By time and ill success to a submission'? 
Sempronius, speak. 

Sempronius. My voice is still for war. 
Gods ! can a Roman senate long debate 
Which of the two to choose, slav'ry or death? 
No ; let us rise at once, gird on our swords, 



PRONUNCIATION. 107 

And at the head of our remaining troops, 

Attack the foe, break through the thick array 

Of his throng'd legions, and charge home upon him, 

Perhaps some arm, more lucky than the rest, 

May reach his heart, and free the world from bondage. 

Rise, fathers, rise ! 'tis Rome demands your help ; 

Rise, and revenge her slaughter'd citizens, 

Or share their fate ! The corpse of half her senate 

Manure the fields of Thessaly, while we 

Sit here delib'rating in cold debates. 

If we should sacrifice our lives to honour, 

Or wear them out in servitude and chains. 

Rouse up, for shame ! Our brothers of Pharsalia 

Point at their wounds, and cry aloud — To battle ! 

Great Pompey's shade complains that we are slow, 

And Scipio's ghost walks unreveng'd among us ! 

Cato. Let not a torrent of impetuous zeal 

Transport thee thus beyond the bounds of reason : 
True fortitude is seen in great exploits 
That justice warrants, and that wisdom guides : 
All else is tow'ring frenzy and distraction. 
Are not the lives of those who draw the sword 
In Rome's defence entrusted to our care 1 
Should we thus lead them to a field of slaughter, 
Might not th' impartial world with reason say, 
We lavish'd at our death the blood of thousands, 
To grace our fall, and make our ruin glorious 1 
Lucius, we next would know what's your opinion 1 

Lucius. My thoughts, I must confess, are turn'd on peace. 
Already have our quarrels fill'd the world 
With widows and with orphans : Scythia mourns 
Our guilty wars, and earth's remotest regions 
Lie half unpeopled by the feuds of Rome : 
'Tis time to sheath the sword, and spare mankind. 
It is not Caesar, but the Gods, my fathers, 



108 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

The Gods declare against us, and repel 

Our vain attempts. To urge the foe to battle, 

(Prompted by blind revenge, and wild despair,) 

Were to refuse th' awards of Providence, 

And not to rest in Heav'n's determination. 

Already have we shown our love to Rome, 

Now let us show submission to the Gods. 

We took up arms, not to revenge ourselves, 

But free the commonwealth ; when this end fails, 

Arms have no further use : our country's cause, 

That drew our swords, now wrests them from our hands, 

And bids us not delight in Roman blood, 

Unprofitably shed. What men could do, 

Is done already ; heav'n and earth will witness, 

If Rome must fall, that we are innocent. 

Sempronius. This smooth discourse, and mild behaviour, oft 
Conceal a traitor — Something whispers me 
All is not right — Cato, beware of Lucius. 

Cato. Let us appear not rash nor diffident; 
Immod'rate valour swells into a fault; 
And fear, admitted into public councils, 
Betrays like treason. Let us shun them both. 
Fathers, I cannot see that our affairs 
Are grown thus desp'rate ; we have bulwarks round us ; 
Within our walls are troops inur'd to toil 
In Afric's heats, and season'd to the sun : 
Numidia's spacious kingdom lies behind us, 
Ready to rise at its young prince's call. 
While there is hope, do not distrust the Gods; 
But wait at least till Caesar's near approach 
Force us to yield. 'Twill never be too late 
To sue for chains, and own a conqueror. 
Why should Rome fall a moment ere her time ? 
No, let us draw our term of freedom out 
In its full length, and spin it to the last ; 



PRONUNCIATION. 109 

So shall we gain still one day's liberty : 
And let me perish ; *but in Cato's judgment, 
A day, an hour of virtuous liberty, 
Is worth a whole eternity in bondage. 

Enter Marcus. 

Marcus. Fathers, this moment, as I watch'd the gate, 
Lodg'd on my post, a herald is arrived 
From Caesar's camp, and with him comes old Decius, 
The Roman Knight : he carries in his looks 
Impatience, and demands to speak with Cato. 

Cato. By your permission, fathers, bid him enter. 
Decius was once my friend, but other prospects 
Have loos'd those ties, and bound him fast to Caesar. 
His message may determine our resolves. 

Enter Decius. 

Dec. Caesar sends health to Cato — 

Cato. Could he send it 

To Cato slaughter'd friends, it would be welcome. 
Are not your orders to address the senate 1 

Dec. My business is with Cato ; Caesar sees 

The straits to which you're driven ; and, as he knows 
Cato's high worth, is anxious for your life. 

Jato, My life is grafted on the fate of Rome. 
Would he save Cato 1 Bid him spare his country. 
Tell your dictator this : and tell him, Cato 
Disdains a life, which he has power to offer. 

Dec. Rome and her senators su'bmit to Caesar; 
Her gen'rals and her consuls are no more, 
Who check'd his conquests, and denied his triumphs. 
Why will not Cato be this Caesar's friend ? 

Cato. Those very reasons thou hast urg'd, forbid it. 

Dec. Cato, I've orders to expostulate, 

And reason with you, as from friend to friend ; 
Think on the storm that gathers o'er your head, 
And threatens ev'ry hour to burst upon it ; 
11 



110 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

Still may you stand high in your country's honours, 
Do but comply, and make your peace with Caesar. 
Rome will rejoice and cast its eyes on Cato, 
As on the second of mankind. 

Cato. No more : 
I must not think of life on such conditions. 

Dec. Caesar is well acquainted with your virtues, 
And therefore sets this value on your life : 
Let him but know the price of Cato's friendship, 
And name your terms. 

Cato. Bid him disband his legions, 
Restore the commonwealth to liberty, 
Submit his actions to the publice censure, 
And stand the judgment of a Roman senate. 
Bid him do this, and Cato is his friend. 

Dec. Cato, the world talks loudly of your wisdom — 

Cato. Nay more, tho' Cato's voice was ne'er employ'd 
To clear the guilty, and to varnish crimes, 
Myself will mount the Rostrum in his favour, 
And strive to gain his pardon from the people. 

Dec A style like this becomes a conqueror. 

Cato. Decius, a style like this becomes a Roman. 
^ Dec. What is a Roman, that is Caesar's foe 1 

Cato. Greater than Caesar: he's a friend to virtue. 

Dec Consider, Cato, you're in Utica, 
And at the head of your own little senate ; 
You don't now thunder in the Capitol, 
With all the mouths of Rome to second you. 

Cato. Let him consider that, who drives us hither. 
'Tis Caesar's sword has made Rome's senate little, 
And thinn'd its ranks. Alas ! thy dazzl'd eye 
Beholds this man in a false glaring light, 
*j^hich conquest and success have thrown upon him; 
Did'st thou but view him right, thou'dst see him black 
With murder, treason, sacrilege, and crimes, 



PRONUNCIATION. Ill 

That strike my soul with horror but to name 'em. 
I know thou look'st on me, as on a wretch 
Beset with ills, and cover'd with misfortunes ; 
But, by the gods, I swear, millions of worlds 
Should never buy me to be like that Caesar. 

Dec. Does Cato send this answer back to Caesar, 
For all his gen'rous cares, and proffer'd friendship % 

Cato. His cares for me are insolent and vain ; 
Presumptuous man ! the gods take care of Cato. 
Would Caesar show the greatness of his soul 1 
Bid him employ his care for these my friends, 
And make good use of his ill gotten power, 
By shelt'ring men much better than himself. 

Dec. Your high unconquer'd heart makes you forget 
You are a man. You rush on your destruction. 
But I have done. When I relate hereafter 
The tale of this unhappy embassy, 
All Rome will be in tears. 



BRUTUS AND CASSIUS. 

Cas. That you have wrong'd me doth appear in this 
You have condemn'd and noted Lucius Pella 
For taking bribes here of the Sardians ; 
Wherein my letter (praying on his side, 
Because I knew the man) was slighted off. 

Bru. You wrong'd yourself to write in such a case. 

Cas. In such a time, as this, it is not meet 

That ev'ry nice offence should bear its comment. 

Bru. Let me tell you, Cassius, you youself 
Are much condemn'd to have an itching palm, 
To sell and mart your offices for gold, 
To undeservers. 

Cas. I an itching palm ! 

You know that you are Brutus that speak this, 



112 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

Or, by the gods, this speech were else your last. 
Bru. The name of Cassius honours this corruption, 

And chastisement doth therefore hide its head. 
Cas. Chastisement! 
Bru. Remember March, the ides of March remember ! 

Did not great Julius bleed for justice sake ? 

What villain touch'd his body, that did stab, 

And not for justice 1 What, shall one of us, 

That struck the foremost man of all this world, 
. But for supporting robbers ; shall we now 

Contaminate our fingers with base bribes 1 

And sell the mighty space of our large honours, 

For so much trash, as may be grasped thus 1 — . 

I had rather be a dog, and bay the moon, 

Than such a Roman. 
Cas. Brutus, bay not me, 

I'll not endure it : you forget yourself, 

To hedge me in; I am a soldier, I, 

Older in practice, abler than yourself 

To make conditions. 
Bru.. Goto; you're not, Cassius. 

Cas. I am. 
Bru. I say you are not. 
Cas. Urge me no more, I shall forget myself— 

Have mind upon your health : tempt me no further ! 
Bru. Away, slight man ! 
Cas. Is't possible? 
Bru. Hear me, for I will speak. 

Must I give way and room to your rash choler ? 

Shall I be frighted when a madman stares ? 
Cas. Gods ! ye Gods ! Must I endure all this ? 
Bru. All this 1 aye, more. Fret till your proud heartbreak ; 

Go, show your slaves how choleric you are, 

And make your bondmen tremble. Must 1 budge ? 

Must I observe you 1 Must I stand and crouch 



PRONUNCIATION. 113 

Under your testy humour 1 By the Gods, 
You shall digest the venom of your spleen, 
Though it do split you : for from this day forth, 
I'll use you for my mirth, yea, for my laughter, 
When you are waspish 

Cas. Is it come to this ? 

Bru. You say, you are a better soldier : 
Let it appear so ; make your vaunting true 
And it shall please me well : for mine own part, 
I shall be glad to learn of noble men. 

Cas. You wrong me every way, you wrong me, Brutus : 
I said, an older soldier, not a better ; 
Did 1 say better 1 

Bru. If you did, I care not. 

Cas. When Caesar liv'd, he durst not thus have mov'd me. 

Bru. Peace, peace, you durst not so have tempt'd him. 

Cas. I durst not ! 

Bru. No. 

Cas. What? Durst not tempt him! 

Bru. For your life you durst not. 

Cas. Do not presume too much upon my love, 
I may do that I shall be sorry for. 

Bru. You have done that you should be sorry for. 
There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats ; 
For I am arm'd so strong in honesty, 
That they pass by me, as the idle wind, 
Which I respect not. I did send to you 
For certain sums of gold, which you deni'd me ; 
For I can raise no money by vile means : 
By heaven, I had rather coin my heart, 
And drop my blood for drachams, than to wring 
From the hard hands of peasants their vile trash, 
By any indirection. I did send 
To you for gold to pay my legions, 
11*. 



114 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

Which you deni'd me : was that done like Cassius * 
Should I have answer'd Caius Cassius so? 
When Marcus Brutus grows so covetous, 
To lock such rascal counters from his friends, 
Be ready, Gods, with all your thunderbolts, 
Dash him to pieces ! 

Cas. I deni'd you not. 

Bru. You did. 

Cas. I did not : — he was but a fool, 
That brought my answer back.-Brutus hath riv'd my heart ; 
A friend should bear a friend's infirmities, 
But Brutus makes mine greater than they are. 

Bru. I do not, still you practise them on me. 

Cas. you love me not. 

Bru. I do not like your faults. 

Cas. A friendly eye could never see such faults. 

Bru. A flatterer's would not, though they do appear 
As huge as high Olympus. 

Cas. Come, Antony, and young Octavius, come ! 
Revenge yourselves alone on Cassius, 
For Cassius is a-weary of the world : 
Hated by one he loves r-brav'd by his brother : 
Check'dlike a bondman: all his faults observ'd. 
Set in a note book, learn'd, and conn'd by rote, 
To cast them in my teeth. O, I could weep 
My spirit from mine eyes !— There is my dagger, 
And here my naked breast — within, a heart 
Dearer than Plutus' mine, richer than gold: 
If that thou need'st a Roman's, take it forth : 
I, that deni'd thee gold, will give my heart: 
Strike, as thou didst at Caesar ; for, I know, 
Wlien thou didst hate him worst, thou lov'dst him better 
Than ever thou lov'dst Cassius. 

Bru. Sheath your dagger. 



PRONUNCIATION. 115 

Be angry when you will it shall have scope : 
Do what you will, dishonour shall be humou 
O Cassius, you are yoked with a lamb 
That carries anger, as the flint bears fire ; 
Who, much enforced, shows a hasty spark, 
And straight is cold again. 

Cas. Hath Cassius liv'd 

To be but mirth and laughter to his Brutus, 
When grief, and blood ill-temper'd vexeth him ? 

Bru. When I spoke that I was ill-temper'd too. 

Cas. Do you confess so much ? Give me your hand. 

Bru. And my heart too. 

Cas. O Brutus T— 

Bru. What's the matter? 

Cas. Have you not love enough to bear with me, 

When that rash humour which my mother gave me, 
Makes me forgetful ? 

Bru. Yes, Cassius ; and from henceforth, , 

When you are over-earnest with your Brutus, 
He'll think your mother chides, and leave you so. 



THE PARTING OF BRUTUS AND CASSIUS. 

Bru. No, Cassius, no : think not, thou noble Roman, 
That ever Brutus will go bound to Rome : 
He bears too great a mind. But this same day 
Must end that work, the ides of March begun ; 
And whether we shall meet again, I know not. 
Therefore our everlasting farewell take : — 
Forever, and forever, farewell, Cassius ! 
If we do meet again, why we shall smile ; 
If not, why then this parting was well made. 

Cas. For ever, and forever, farewell Brutus ! 



116 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 

If we do meet again, we'll smile indeed; 
If not, 'tis true, this parting was well made. 
Bru. Why, then, lead on. — O, that a man might know 
The end of this day's business, ere it come ! 
But it sufficeth, that the day will end, 
And then the end is known. 



SOLILOQUY OF DICK THE APPRENTICE. 

Thus far we run before the wind. — An Apothecary ! — 
Make an apothecary of me ! — What, cramp my genius over 
a pestle and mortar; or mew me up ,in a shop, with an al- 
ligator stuffed, and a beggarly account of empty boxes ! 
To be culling simples, and constantly adding to the bills 
of mortality ! — No ! no ! It will be much better to be 
pasted up in capitals, The part of Romeo by a young gen- 
tleman who never appeared on any stage before ! My ambi- 
tion fires at the thought. — But hold ; may n't I run some 
chance of failing in my attempt % Hissed — pelted — laugh- 
ed at — not admitted into the green room ; — that will ne- 
ver do — down, busy devil, down, down ; try it again — lov- 
ed by the women — envied by the men — applauded by the 
pit, clapped by the gallery, admired by the boxes. " Dear 
Colonel, is'nt he a charming creature 1 My lord, don't you 
like him of all things 1 — Makes love like an angel 1 — 
What an eye he has ! — Fine legs ! — I shall certainly go to 
his benefit." — Celestial sounds ! — And then I'll get in with 
all the painters and have myself put up in every print shop 
— in the character of Macbeth ! " This is a sorry sight." 
(Stands an attitude.) In the character of Richard: 
" Give me another horse ! Bind up my wounds." These 
will do rarely — And then I have a chance of getting well 
married. — O glorious thought ! I will enjoy it though but 
in fancy. But what's o'clock 1 — it must be almost nine* 



PRONUNCIATION. 117 

I'll away at once ; this is club night — the spouters are 
all met — little think they I'm in town — they'll be surpris- 
ed to see me — off I go ; and then for my assignation with 
my master Gargle's daughter. 

Limbs, do your office, and support me well ; 

Bear me but to her, then fail me if you can. 



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